PROJECT: A.I.D. csd-2780
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AQUACULTURE
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERIES NO. 4
MARCH 1973
ARTIFICIAL SPA WNING
of MULLET
CULTURE of MULLET and MILKFISH in TAIWAN
International Center for Aquaculture
Agricultural Experiment Station
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
R.Dni Rouse Dreco uun lbm
and
Auburn, Alabama
R. Dennis Rouse, Director
COVER PHOTOGRAPH. Traditional 
method in Taiwan of stack-
ing milkfish in baskets 
prior to marketing.
ARTIFICIAL SPAWNING of MULLET and
CULTURE of MULLET and MILKFISH in TAIWAN
H. R. SCHMITTOU'
INTRODUCTION
TAIWAN is advanced in various aquacultures. Its fish farm-
ers are especially noted for their cultures of milkfish in brack-
ish water and poly-cultures of Chinese carps in fresh water.
Its research biologists have been among the leaders in de-
veloping shrimp culture and have been the most successful
in artificially reproducing and raising mullet to food size.
Aquacultural facilities were toured in Taiwan during June
1971. The itinerary was developed by Mr. T. P. Chen,
Director, Fisheries Division, Joint Commission on Rural Re-
construction. Mr. Chang-Jyi Chiou served as interpreter.
This report includes a summary on milkfish culture and
the techniques used in artificially spawning and raising mul-
let in Taiwan.
CULTURE OF MULLET
The discussions of milkfish and mullet cultures were
derived from observations and conversations with researchers
and farmners in the field and from published literature.
Aquacultural potentials for milkfish and mullet are greater
than those for most species. Both are hardy and respond
well to management in confined environments. Both tolerate
adverse conditions; the mullet tolerates colder temperatures,
but the milkfish can live at much higher temperatures and
salinities. Both have excellent consumer acceptance in the
areas where cultured. Both are herbivorous, feeding primarily
on benthic and planktonic organisms that can be cheaply
produced.
In Taiwan no farms were visited where mullet was actually
being cultured. Dr. I. C. Liao and his staff of Tungkang
Marine Laboratory, who were the first to successfully spawn
mullet and raise the fry to fingerling size, were interviewed.
The techniques used in the artificial spawning and raising
of fingerling mullet are summarized in this report. Very
little is presented on mullet culture.
The striped mullet (Mugil cephalus Linnaeus) inhabits
marine, brackish, and fresh waters of such diverse locations
as India, Taiwan, Japan, United States, Israel, and the
Soviet Union. It is a valued food fish in most of those areas.
The adaptability of mullet to varied environments, as
well as its food habits, hardiness, market value, and other
characteristics make it a popular pond fish in Taiwan.
'Assistant Professor, Dept. of Fisheries and Allied Agricultures;
serving as Chief of Party, AU-Government of Philippines Inland
Fisheries Project, Manila.
In total production and value for all Taiwan aquacultures,
mullet ranks third (2,200 metric 
tons and NT $44 million2'),
milkfish first (19,000 metric tons and NT $400 million), and
oysters second (12,000 metric tons and NT $121 million).
Mullet spawn at sea. It is believed that spawning occurs
in the offshore waters of southern Taiwan. It is known that
schools of mullet migrate southward into the Kuroshio Cur-
rent from November to February. The peak of the migration
is in late December and early January. Fish taken during
the migrations have mature sperm and almost mature ova.
The migrating fish are 4 to 5 years old with body lengths
averaging 42 to 45 centimeters.
Fingerlings 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters long are collected from
estuaries and coastal waters along the western coast from
December to March. Usually the mullet are stocked in fresh-
water ponds at 2,000 to 3,000/hectare in combination with
the Chinese carps. Annual yields of mullet/hectare range
up to 150 kilograms without fertilization, 400 kilograms with
fertilization, and 1,500 kilograms with feeding.
Striped mullet can tolerate water temperature extremes
from 40 to 350 C, but the optimum water temperature for
growth is about 230 C. Salinities of 0.1 to 38 p.p.t. are tol-
erated by adults. Young fry will not tolerate salinities below
17 p.p.t.
The annual demand in Taiwan for stocking ponds is for
about 7 million mullet fingerlings. Some years the demand
is not met. For this and other reasons, research was begun
to artificially spawn and raise mullet for stocking size. This
work began in 1963, and involved the cooperative efforts
of the Taiwan Fisheries Bureau, the Taiwan Fisheries Re-
search Institute (TFRI), and the Institute of Fishery Biology,
National Taiwan University. Their early work on induced
spawning resulted in producing fry, but no fry survival. In
1967 one fry out of millions hatched survived for 23 days.
The work was transferred to the newly constructed Tung-
kang Marine Laboratory of the TFRI in 1968 where the
work was supported primarily by the Rockefeller Foundation.
That year, 2 fingerlings (1.0 and 1.1 centimeters in size)
were kept alive for 30 days. The following year a total of
431 fingerlings that ranged in size up to 28 centimeters
and 217 grams 200 days after hatching survived. In 1970
approximately 50,000 fry reached a length of I centimeter
(27 days).
The techniques and procedures for artificially spawning
and raising mullet to fingerlings were as follows (Dr. I. C.
Liao, Director, Tungkang Marine Laboratory):
2 NT (New Taiwan) $40.00 - $1.00 U.S.
wa'dx\ iiir ltoc kitw fgit 1)1 ((11 hl potids itt 40) to 1.5 tlax ,
It It li/i'- (It itttt
1 hc cuittu'., 
if n ul, tI. is 
t icr.> Cl S''' 
y poputUO -
I t SI O.
since successful methods of producing fry in hatcheries have been
developed.
1t.i t o o e I.lu \ w i r t il ,i~ m i \ ,(
xx od r .ix~c loi tlxiiit it'dil ONiil ~
ltI tiot o ililt'. t~tt tsiiit. boilt il 225 tt245 .1I :31)
piti hags 2.5
I). .If itxtiol of . 75t let xxa pldi ii t'tlititr id x lit' .lid
lititi 2i ito 50i xx l it too it' (1 li i ot 15th lixb l \tit i i
i altititi of g: iii itt \\i 1 pit d x(iii l6 tix xx c ix t ) it ott
per)1 ill. xa t iI t tttut~/i
I It'll
S ttcll
Lailt '.'it~ ui
('ii11i)) \oItlit), ]loll i
Im ill itt ol
Ithr. .31) it. Ix) ctit'.t it~t (1'-(
2 ]if-. :M) itto. 3l)1 clc'ax .1
50 iiii 5thtI') it i tt
1(1 Ili. 3)) toul.
172 lii. I)) iio.
:3:3 lit. -10 ttu.
-IS ]itt.
5(0 Ii.
5-4 hri-
.59 hr.
otiit 111)1 icl i til-it
pli (Ai I lxiti \(ids bitt'
Ti lott po x otil
x]i it I Ik it ' (f e
Tod ill1 i'tiiit t 
plitiig rl toftli
3 1) tint.
CULTURE OF MILKFISH
'I'lic millsfi.di Chaito.s Owno.o ulthowd, cultilw(I ilifilost
('x(dosivel ill Tai\\ilo, lodom'sul, lod thc I'llfilippilws, i's t1w
[)lost jillpoltiolit filillille imd bliwki'sh \\ilter species (.111tilled
ill t1w \\oild its till it,, totid plodlictioll is m1wellwd. It i's h
L11. tit(, Illo'st importimt spe('ies of fish (.111tilled ill 'ktj\ tllj
hoill tit(, still Idpoil its of lood prodlwed alld ( (.ol loll) ics. The
producti0ii fit 1969 of I,),tY)5 nwtri(, toos of millsfish \irs
'Iwiltcl thitil lot itll\ other sill(de Specu.s. It \\it's 33 per (.cot
of the totill Titi\\all ityliwoltoial piodtichoo of 51,064 nieti-k-
t (; i is \ I () i i c t i i i .\ \ i i i i c o I t I i (, I '), W )5 i i i ( t i i c t o i i s \\ i t s 1) i t (-(,( I
;it VV 395.5 millioij of aboot 4:3 lwi (-(,fit of flit, totid idlic
of ilquilcultillal plocllwtioll.
laiwill(t froill 20 to 2) .5 C is xttttttiz it,l foilo\x x.
CoIll iticlit S
Basket of mnlktish is weighed prior to sate. This is the most im-
portant fish species cultured in Taiwan with approximately 19,000
metric tons, with a market value of NT $ 395.5 million (about
$9.9 million U.S.), produced from ponds during 1969.
Commercial Harvest
Caitchfex of aduilt miilkfixi oii the hligh xeax iiaxe 
l it liceli
1 epic tici. liepoi tx ii e collinon of ii ioctaionial catch uucaul
xihire. Sciioolx oh liai ge fixih hiaxe e ci obisietie offhoreii 
xx itii
thir doioux fixs aitoxc xx .itcr, a chiaracteisxtic iif inlilk-fixi.
itau ge fixsi hiaxve iieeiu taught 1lix ioiig iii hex aiidl ti axx ix opcu 
at-
ing fr om iiairborx iii Taixxani. \iilkfixiu iuax asiio bieei 
takeiu
xxithi stake tirapx, liftiitxt, xcincxs liaipiiiiix 
aiit cxcii tex
ploxixvcx. I Iiix cxc, the catching ot iiilkhxih lby nueaiux 
otihei
thanl hIn pouliuiig isuccidci tai iiid tihere ix lin conlilieitiai
uperatitoi lotiiiiiarx ctiiig uuituial xtockx ol ,diilt 
iikfixiu.
Biological Information
Dismtrilmutioui. \hilktfixl i( t(lisxti rilitethroluiugiiuot tue( tiropi-
cal ilil xiiiti opicaui xxateu x of the I uutiau i aiit Palcihe 
Oceaux.
hx iti it foiuiit inl the Atlanitic Ocean.
Life Historx I. tr x littli is kiiiixxr ii olluccinig 
thje life
hiixtiii of iiiklixi. Spaix nog ottiui x froiii Apuril to Augt
xxith i peaik iii late Apil (iad 
i Ix ,i y a. 'I'lex \; ax SIii ohff'
xhleIiiti i i, rehatixe ci sliitliixx xx atiixxih thiere 
il- e xiidx
Mi cou ail biittoiii deixoith oh x egetathi iio xxd licic 
xiiiiitx ix
32 to :3:3 p.pi.t. Sexiual inatiiritx ix thought to lie a ilciibut
i elx of age. Thle xilillicxt id1 lilet, gei gi x 1 (1 iiiiie ix cl
l it Oi dt w i e 94 miid 124 t'eiitjiieteis x kibiiit 9 aiiic 12
k.iogiiiis), rexpecti x clx. 1Recorde (1cc i giitx oif 
oxvaries' ot
ax 1(1i fish liax eI ranged1 hoi 0dit.5 to l.5 kilogramsiii. Estimaitedl
Tuiinlei of eggs ridl frini :3 to) 71.3 ioillioit feiiiale. 
iTie
high feniditx suggests loNx xiii-xix al to sxiii 
iidtiii lit\
'The eggsx are pelagic dud aitit 1.1 to 1.2 
mililiiieteis iii
(ldimeter . Thie- hatch iii aiboit 12 houirs. The 1\ 
ai :3 iiiilli-
iiitersx at liatclioiii .5 miilliimeteirs at thriee daxx: iid abouit
li0 iillimeiters x lei i It) dav old. lihe fix touind 
alilr tlie
d\inIx wi,Ilics ainid estuaijes ate 10) to 1:3 tlas ilil-od 
din
nhi iiiiiii of It) millimeters inl length. Fix 
atre dlxx ax x miii id
iii cledtr xx atei oxe i xi lxk lint toiii tliex (lit Hecic 
foiil iii
siltied xxittei or iii iix l boiii~ fittiomsi.
Feeding Habnits. Asx frx, iijlkhxli feedi oii ph)litooi 
iid
microoi c iixii l d sxiriall iiidcroixeic hieiitli( in giiiii. 
Did-
toii aie iapai ii t I their piriimaiy food soiiiee. 
I' edii g
habiits of the idultx cliiie xcix little friti 
that of the Irv.
Ill thieir iltoial Ilailit, Ililkfixh iti- b eliexved to hie piiiiriilx
licntliixseciiixiiiiei fee-diog ii diatoiiii .ii c blie-ri ci 
.ilgitc.
Aiiial oiiii coiinuiiet aire consiideired 
to lie iliietil
iiiiitiirex to the xcetittixe diet. loxx cxci, suchi irgaliiiii
itx horiioiifera, Limiellili chiati, Gaxsti ipoda., 
(opep)(Li.,
liirxal liiix ex, and egg. of fishi aire found1( ill digextixve tiraitx
of iiiilkfixli. AXlxo Iiiild iare ililnei l piartit'cs(liii itiix, 
alit
1
traginciitx of iiiulticellnlai x cgtitiii. \axenliti pliitx 
.iiid
cectitii filiineiitotix algate are appai citlx takeii oilx~ 
afifite
pinis liax, e gii toi decax \. -\lilkfixhi appi iialx feed, 
inl
ior(der of pireicreice, oil organixcux oii the Irnttoiii. ill tile Ilij-
xx itei . ild oili the xililate.
It ix ircpiited that milkfixh icr tiiii ivi audi si tagex cd
ix(elixclx diii-iog the dta\ time.
Enxvironmnixtal Tlolerance. \iikfjish liaxe niuxuidi tohei-
ice loii xx ide( fiiuctuiatiou u ill the ci x irooiieit, n((i ioi moe
timi most inn ine aoiinuiuix. iliex ie repo tid to 
tolci ate
ituges of xiiuiitx froint 0.1 to It) pii~t. TIhe\ call 
lix e' inl
xx aterillp to 40) ( hoxxecxri thex become xhwggixh atl 
ternl
[clilctiurex beioxx 20) (C. Snddu driopsi ill teiiij ili till 
i cxiitix e
beeui knidixwn to cauxe dlixcoiihuatiiiu i tempiorary d ix 
ldlieiicxx io
xiiethhig of xkiii lax cix.
Fry Collection and Marketing
'File tiliectioii dtti iuauketiiug of muilkfixli frlit ha tockiiig
iiuti ponitxds ar xpecial phaxes iif the 
unilkhxli taiiii iii-
ixtix.
Co llect ion ofi Frv. Tihi Iirx are i ecexxaiii x collecte 
frntoi
coaxtal xx\\atiirx xince artificiai illealis of xjixx hug 
niilkfixh l u
xet to he dexveiopei. The fix aire coliectetd diii-lug the
iotix of Apili to Octoiri xx ith at peak seaxol 
iii \1,1x and
jiii i. (:ollctiu g groodx are the xiii id xiiaiioxx 
aretax
atlong the xsiiiti ibeaciex of tue xoiutiirit hail of the coiitiN
Sciop iiets are emplox t't liii eoiiicttilig iliSIlx 
flxr ueai
tue Tiiugkiug \iaiinc Liii attiu x, xxhere aiioiit 21) coilctourx
xx(rk. Thi scii p xii
1  
et x arc Consixt rucid i(t of b lxi polesc
ii d cuiars xclothi. Each ix ci in ti n teti lby toiiiig the 
poIlex
iiito iii .Xsiaped fitnie id attacluiiig ftle 
cioti to' foil ii
ibag ill oue-iiall of the X framie. 'Fie otheri haii 
ot the Li anli
xerxe xs axnailiex. Thet ti iaigiali scioop 
s appriitex 2
minti xwxide itl tue hixse iid i2 metersx deep.
The iietx aire piwt 1ioiig xxxi'ill jiiixx" S aitIhxI 
k ii ta
iii xx alci inkle-dieep to xiciuldicr tieep. tatli net ix fisihedi 
foii
i1t to i5 ioitex iiefoi the ciat isrineii 
d. is ixi xitlji
the ucet are iai xextet ii\ gathci ii1d the li ctting 
hintoi a niail
bag of' aiiotit 2-iiteu x tiunie xxiiiie xiiuituuuouxix 
liitilg ftc
"'tli C ittiit llc t ' h u o t iliiiith e i catc ill t h I t eitit ti w Ifftt
1.3i lic(,I ito si r t o lt'!ti . Nlilixi ed t i x litiel xt i] I( )Xt'
it
1  
ii 4te \ tit \ of t-o I it' u'i i iii t i t!l l li i t~ u
to h 'it' itiit o t hei(' ~ e eotitiix iu t~if'j'iift] iiil e ItII]\xoi tili .ix
f'i ofi I ficr ci del fu it cxix ~ifii sp~ i xlit fl i f oot t0 to
1:3' filfliters tttl etth . ifit' cif' i \ ito d pos i t 2 tfi)l~ix(
ittlatfx o ld it )(, ttjiftx. 
1
3t'x t o.tfu' ttitt'jti xxj tf lci t I soitx
xfito sce ' m ittl itictihit ix ;t~ tillt iii bl owxxax t ltt it'sit suc it
h 'rx appears t e t'tlt'e ii xt'ile tth tit'.itt xfptt'iltifg l/li 4 ii
(,its1 i\ ivq ii tls abo t' i m iitcsi itkcif ifi h it'w lishrit Cii Ii I'(
.itiIf S t t'titiiit'tt' A If'') fhis at'f cx it l Iiff I x ji t c i i it t i
dp tihe i (idtl itt hili \ e ii tbou t x00 1 -\i ll iit . flit lix (it'c
pe ('ftxxitt te ii. oxi t ~ il .the ii c l itix i xItio l ffiitt se s l . i
1  
i
C' ilfii r i cct .ittit 'f iS1 s St% f\it ) oi flu fix. 'fI(,
ltxd oftfi hii iiiid) f tiies i t iit ix ei itit \%if Stilt( h(f ift
fix ott te ti s ift i i ftix x),% ixjt ll.it flso ietti k t'ttCf i i
tfit'ttitix lidt \iw ilfa liIcdxi itot tfx 'Nf oi ft iifif ireti
SII iti stiimit t be i tte tilfli f
1
oili it ix ofii t ii i lst~. ~ti
iitim hlc \ t ish aii ei I. titti iiiilki ujxf ititx to it' lti i
fillt'C illt Ift' jtarxi o fi ibou t idife s xIl fITi t tre ttiflitd
Mxid Sii TI titl itt' ideef.tj t Hittil \itf hlds it houpit ptiio
tippi i tfix i l ililt 3 0 0 Ifit jill itx. 1 it \ at ii fi'I fftt itre
Iedt\lti(( ii lie \6i0tx cc li~ li o f :32 oft i. e \Itfk fjxi .i'C'iit i\
it iti it\ e iii t i l the iix t il 711 fi il. H c t fi t 'atx x t'uxiii tu
'1 och ' iTittex cli ititii 3 ii 5 ii' h l te iijf 'ttd i ta~.fiti
Cif).3 I Itit-i tit i t elo _, ('f it idt' ittli iti ixa rit 1 I '.
No\ItIkjIi filhi x0 i x ttxjf il f a to xit tic
1
t i t (m iit c'litti
lid ithil cii ixii ti I te t' x ir iT i tt it iii the it fiifix iii to . xitt
h .to ti o
fi' b ilx iiti xx ith i ti l xxiill itix i i h h it~ 2i till if it't iikftax
Workers are constructing a framework of bamboo poles over
which is placed a layer of rice straw. When completed, this
structure provides an effective windbreak and reduces fish mor-
tality in wintering ponds.
Sttic'kiii Nui'ser'x Ponds. ish lioii ttt x l'ki te it'xx
Mlanagemnent of Production Ponds. Niilkfliih colii IliX
Pastorii is ill( t he li foi ('ficil'it pr0(Iic'ti(Iii of 1both. 
Th e
pasturei lotiij m tillll is tecliifi2 pol cIlh s co lixtio 
plilii 
o I le-
1
)ie'p l ati(ilio h diatiiicl i ii) ul xlllXelpci i (-il-
ider t4iox be ( xl'l prll 1'iiix lil to b,1 c~li toductonei
litii (dfiite1 \ 10 stit d xiil I c il('i( are isd dI th fiil e rsi
till'roducel lil tuli lil c l llox il'l~i the o ll t iIs (\ lt
'l()ctoe 1.5 io Poficix pond otttom aiti fiobsaequiilit x iTc
ill,' (1 th'patur z ire pro iaie dl to fi 1i ll mo t il- (i
illke dllitl glitex
I i'iiihci I1to Icill I i IIli I I is I 2 I V xiiit Ii cI xlto bel
Tlffe ~ ooi Ixli(4its itreimto l\ o toxxie I ot cii di h' 121)1( i
lit1ii~ tac t(f Tii e sietcrops . (, pei ic ickx de
ill(-sanl poo it i c ill ol' lix lp l t ie clixl lto (lciciix e
Aproimtidteio ci tcx oiii ateo re i 4tue 12(111(1ci
Octbe 1 illds l ]eud to1, (ITlli% iateihs iare thatli e ii
Nmellibeti I l xceii ~ite t ix tcrin cx id(1 ite piex
i'i'iiu ~ cal liv diix I cue4ssll i~t' i t 1ucY repix s i tic i i cliic ocii
(likeil gl ti x e dx i'l csi' li(itxii
\o\(,m(lx 15 P ti e b ottiu tor ri lept"illof aoiti tt ciiped
oni lica(illt tiliilel tle cxrlidi iteldi
Niai cii 7 VIt at i cic
1
iiiixieci'ae tO o izi 1 decii
xxof 
1 
ill 
1 
lill( -it \~a olx itc' .r 1 occur xs. itc
Decmbe I ci iiiis' floote (((11/ll) xccih e a t
to i d th' o abut k. u
1
. Cc' ll the'liteix i
p it ix liX\ ti r 01pixiloil ei tiiii C pxxlot
Neill li21 I lOric ni txtciils u ix s i ic e tt hiot chillgl
I i 1.5e ctrm 1rss i icx ra Il to el i (lii siX l,
Mid i (~iciol TI m 1(1 ferilier Itc' tpica (cti i
i c' p 1 IX boi~i cll; c'xc't i ilii l c'filo te '
iic iait ail c o p tt tu 121 olacx ilx Xclp ll
Mil-ctIii,1c fiuxtilc'iifloo1IiC pciii I 'i repea1i.ted.'
xxei prc'litaixxclloi o\ilukc depth ilc Inil
arch 1i 5 Aiiotic' i liitictio o l tc'iiisc'i ix pox '
Nfitix I
N I lx 15
11111c 1.5
%% it I I 1it(ltili I o)1 'sl', %% Acr t he I Il( ' o11II
ix-\ xxllicli ,ir I to 4 ciii. ill siz'e ilc stockecd
its (,i t iilc o'I 1 Irol l u-cr 1111Xi X ll ills alld 
ll(,li
((II (4 ofle it' 11 fish. Th1 ese fishi xiii lbe
the (o ii lll] cio prdue P )li''liill l sciio.
Alii apJpliciiti(;ll of leitilizei ix iid' 
it
I l('(lf((l.
I icl Ih Ii I d i Id1 last stock iti I i mai t 
x i
:1.500 fix- hit, Thes~'e ix- aiel ixo x oii( i
the-_\ c('dl fishxlid iit'e stocked 'l i) te iou11
seix\ Thlese fishi \viii be lxiiX (stedil i Octo-
teim 4
1
2olds.
iiiic :3tt 'fil hxt li ,s 't 
ix 112,ic xxlicli colliitx, of
tiic hxii xtickc'c iii NMatcli.
Sepitemblelr 1.5 1 llic sc'cond cl u,
1 
x('t ix llli xx iicii cioniitxs
of' tiic fish istoucked( iii Apili.
Ocoer1-- tondkis (4, i tieiix ii il t11itb 
lxx fishitli
stiiig (4 e trkisere toiii.er6it
Iflli' estilill Nhikii ic clil ixsh it( Ii 
fi lull ill', 
1
2ii (Yel-
il i tthccr iixe'xx the fiixt ii Jiuie: thelc' oo x'(iill 
iSe'p-
2.5ff (4itiii pei fxsi. Gill iietx if ioiilohliil('cit 
Illexil a1re Ilixl.
NMesh xize is suchjl thiat iiiio i1 makctt,i' hxii 
iti takikci.
The( WC'iill iiil'xct ix ill %e
1
te1'ibl' xxil
1 
till fixii xtlck'ci
1,8til to 2,00 kilioirams (41 iX 111( seaixoi I. 
\evr I ~X 'l ill',
Bfureaiu lixtedi i 6,298 i li c iii iiiiiikhxii 12111(llitiiii 
andl
Milkfish pond being harvested by fishermen with gill 
nets, Size
of net mesh permits fish that are below marketable 
size to pass
through.
Survival of Different Sizes of Milkfish. Survival of milk-
fish is apparently very good although the fish appear to be
fragile. Disease and parasites are considered incidental by
both the farmers and the technical people. They consider
mortality to be due primarily to predation and mechanical
causes. The following is the expected mortality for different
sizes of fish under specific conditions:
Mortality Fish size and conditions
1 to 2 per cent----. Fry transported from collecting grounds to
market and then from market to nursery.
20 per cent------ Fry of 10 mm. to harvest size of 150 g. in
production ponds.
2 per cent------- Fingerlings of 12 to 15 cm. to harvest size
of 250 g. in production ponds.
2 per cent------ Fingerlings of 12 to 15 cm. in overwinter-
ing ponds.
ITINERARY
June 2, 1971 
Arrived Taipei, Taiwan
June 3 Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction
(JCRR) Taoyuan Fish Propagation Admin-
istration
June 4 
JCRR
June 7-- 
Chupei Fish Culture 
Station
June 8 Tsengwen 
Tidal Land Milkfish Farms
Markets for milkfish fry
Privately owned freshwater fish farms
June 9 Washan Tou Fish 
Hatchery
Markets for milkfish fry
June 10 - Tungkang Marine Laboratory
June 11 JCRR
Departed Taipei, Taiwan