INTERNATIONAL CENTER for
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
R. DENNIS ROUSE, Director
AQUACU LTURE
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA
Economic Analysis of
the Inland Fisheries
Project in El Salvador
FEBRUARY 194
International Cfew f' ' AI:, u~w
Res~earch and D~v s N,
Project A 
I D /a
4,.,.
.11

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
During the 2-year period Dr. David R. Bayne served as
Fisheries Advisor to the Ministry of Agriculture, the fish-
eries program of El Salvador recorded substantial progress.
Specific advances were as follows:
* The Fisheries Station at Santa Cruz Porrillo was essen-
tially completed, a survey of lakes and ponds was instituted,
and a farm pond culture survey was completed.
9 Research directed towards increasing harvests from the
national waters of El Salvador was conducted.
* The Fisheries Service expanded and began an active
program of disseminating fisheries information to prospective
fish farmers.
e A program of community ponds was developed to fur-
ther increase awareness of fish farming as a production
alternative.
* Arrangements were completed for professional training
of fisheries personnel.
Lack of funds for construction severely limited develop-
ments at the Fisheries Station and construction did not pro-
ceed on schedule. At the time Dr. Bayne completed his
tour, however, the program had reached a stage where sig-
nificant benefits could accrue to the country. The next
stage in the fisheries program should be a melding of research
and extension. Economically feasible production techniques
that have been developed must be accepted by producers
before success of the program can be assured. A strong
commitment on the part of the Fisheries Service and the
Ministry of Agriculture is essential for strengthening the
extension program in fisheries.
A new fisheries advisor should have been present in El
Salvador during the final period of Dr. Bayne's tour so that
programs in progress could have undergone an orderly transi-
tion. Presently, there are two individuals with training in
fish culture working with Fisheries Service in El Salvador:
David Dunseth, Peace Corps Volunteer working at the Fisher-
ies Station, and Ralph Parkman, Peace Corps Volunteer work-
ing on a fish marketing study. Both are masters candidates.
One Salvadorean is presently training for a B.S. degree in fish-
eries at Auburn University, and the Head of the Fisheries
Service, Jose E. Cabrero, will enroll as a Ph.D. candidate at
Auburn University in March 1974. In June 1974, Cecilio Gar-
cia Ramirios will begin study towards a M.S. degree at Au-
burn University. The return of trainees will provide the nucleus
of trained people necessary to carry out an effective fisheries
program. While the training programs are imperative, the
interim period must be utilized effectively. A fisheries service
without a trained technical advisor and with its head out
of the country could easily be diverted into nonproductive
bypaths.
Farm fish culture in El Salvador is clearly in a pre-emer-
gence stage. Consumption of fish per capita is less than
one-fifth of consumption in Panama. Research has only
begun to examine the various production possibilities for
different areas of the country. In the United States, pro-
duction of over 20,000 kilograms per hectare can be at-
tained under certain commercial production systems. In El
Salvador, with its favorable climatic conditions, production
levels should far exceed those attainable in the United States,
once producers obtain an assured water supply, a polycul-
ture system utilizing supplementary feeding, and manage-
ment knowledge regarding production and harvesting. En-
vision a chicken producing unit with waste material moved
directly into a pond. Rafted on the pond is a hydroponic
crop that is fed to the chickens or fish, or sold for human
consumption. Within the pond are several species of fish,
each utilizing a different level of the food chain. Should
research indicate that fresh water crabs or clams would fit
within the system, then production would become three
dimensional. Under such a system, 1 hectare of water sur-
face would represent 2 or 3 hectares of production simul-
taneously. Applied research must be continued to attain the
highest levels of productivity possible. While some research
results are transferable, the situation in each country re-
quires different production systems. Thus, research must
be carried out in El Salvador. It will be at least 2 years,
however, before experienced and trained Salvadorean aqua-
culturists will be available to carry the research programs
forward.
The externalities of expanded fish production are difficult
to perceive, but the possibilities are constructive. Producers
with multiple ponds can ensure a stable water supply by
drilling wells, with the resultant benefit of a domestic water
supply. Full time on-farm labor for the producer and his
family, coupled with a higher protein diet, may improve the
educational level of part of the population. Each of these
factors is difficult to quantify. For a country with a high
population density and limited land resources, however, in-
tensive fish culture represents one means to supply maxi-
mum return. In terms of protein equivalents per unit of
input, fish production far exceeds cattle or hog production.
Before any of the returns postulated in this analysis can
occur, however, the research results must be transmitted to
and accepted by the production sector.
CONTENTS
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..........
INTRODUCTION
STATUS OF EL SALVADOR FISHERIES
L ake Study ............ -------------
Fish Pond Culture Study
Fish Consumption
Fish Marketing
Existing Marketing Systems ..
A Market Channel Example
Establishing Market Price .............
Price Response to Supply Increase ..
PROJECTED IMPACT OF FISHERIES PROJECT
Capital Requirem ent .................
Labor Requirem ent ..................
Production Cost
Micro Impact of Production
Additional Production Systems ........
Extension Activities ..................
- -- 8
........ --- - -- - 11
EFFECTS OF INCREASED FISH PRODUCTION IN EL SALVADOR
Macro Effect of Production Increase ....
Macro Effect of Inclusion of a Processing Sector-
Capital Requirements
REFERENCES AND SOURCE MATERIAL
Supporting M aterials ..................................
C O N F E R E N C E S .................. ........................
Informal Conferences and Interviews ....................
IT IN E R A R Y .............................................
Auburn University is an equal opportunity employer.
COVER PHOTO. The "ensarta" of fish shown is the
typical volume sold daily by small retailers.
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Economic Analysis of the
Inland Fisheries Project in El Salvador
E. W. McCOY'
INTRODUCTION
THEI INLASND) I Sit IJIi lii t in 1, 1 NtIS , tloi it, at toni
paratixeh clx Jo -i( lush))\. In U-clrittrY 1971, D~r. 1). 1).
Mioss, of ftic Iter-tnational Centter for Aquactilture itt Auii n
Uiis ersit %. cotithcteti a stur es \iof the inland fisheries of El
Salv ador (5). Dr1. Dav id R. lfa\ ite \\ as im11pti ei as it fislot n-s
advs or to tie gosvernmen t of' El S alvador' and at risc il
post Ianuat ,v 28, 1972. lit Septi-miar 1972, the El Sai dot
coopera tisve fisheries pr oject \\its fi omal ized. lit Ic-ri i
197:3, Drs. Mioss and B~ayne com nipleted ita resjess ofi tihe L
Salvador isiteri es p~roject (6). Dr. it as \iii- tom pleted I is set-
vice its fishites a(~dvisor to till, l Saixatdor C0 et tintetit inl
Nosvemlber 1 973, atnd sub mitt ed an end of tour repor t (I).
At that time ITSAII) El Salv ador requtested an ecootttic
ev alua tion of' the freshxxater fix1 tries of El S akxacor. D r.
E. WV. M c(ox, agricultural c-itnotnics researcher xxiththle
A gricu Iturl Experim coit St atiot t Aubhurn 1 tiversits, arrix cc
itt Sait Salv ador, El Salvador, Niixemibler 18, 197:3, to co-it
dutct the studs ". D~uring the pertiod November 18-28, 1973.
Dr. Itttvte remntted in-coutttr v tit d provided itilot ittittt
regat cittg all phasies of the ittlatid fishieries project. lit tiddi-
tiillt lie arrattged access to) otlier sources of itnfornmationt it-
essaix for t Iie ecotorn ic exvaluoatiot.
Thle reports cited (1,<5,6) indicate the phx sical status of
the fislictics progratn itt 1971 antd 197:3 atnd x%%ill ntl e
repeatetd itt detail in this report. lIn 1971). the fishteries pro-
grain \\,is stagnan t. A single biologist of the fisheries sectin
\\,its canio outt t~t t I e entire fixsheries program. The Jprogt till
operatitig butdget xx is atpproximately e22,0001 and tlte I e
wais iio cap
1
ital budlget. lit 197:3, the operatting budget xxis
oxvct (-227 ,000 I atnid there \\,ts m ot e tha Ii 1m c 30,00011 in thett
Capital buidget lot- tile cotnsttrtctiotn oft l1t) -omntilits piotds
th rotuglhoutt tile cootry. S ubstantitiaI conittrtibhutions Is ilde b\s
the gmox e tit of El Salsvadort ind~icatete fit(, p iorts placed
Ott tesi ic11 O(ITIi h\ thel ]tlost (-Otl1ltI 5-
STATUS OF EL SALVADOR FISHERIES
Effor~ts iol the reIsidetnt fislitries adv5isort xx(i)i cot c-it itt ttet
itt foitt taretas dtti iti his toutr of tltttx Tw1xso of the four arteas
pert ainted to tdexvelopments at te Fi sh eries Stat iotnt Santt a
Cruz Pot rilli. aotd ate covered itt depth itt the endt ofi to Itrf
repot. A ddit ilonal xxork s\-ias di ret-ted att an es alliti ita i o
the itihttnt iislii-t resourcest-i o fiite couttttts inlldiiit ptitids,
Lake Study
Il at stilix ttf tlh- fishetices of the tmator lakes itt El Sals adlot
Johtnson anid II idatlgo -3) fout od tha~t totail annual producttion
Assoite ProfI I iiessor, DepartmI ent iif Agricutural Eci ititn-
antI But i Soil llI, School of4 g Avi cttltIr(- anid At itil t-3lx
pern tItt Stat iont Aubutorn Unix c-rsi ty.
S 1.00 is citllalent to 2.5 cillotcs ()
xwas 1,10t9,934 kilogramts. Lake ()loilii-ga c-nibttt iti il ,l-
Illost ]iftll ill till tttal pri-dtctiitlt. TIritls xxer cli- litdto i
dleniioistrttte totl i- fic-iet it -tids of, litt xestitigf like fish.
lit additioit, 7jiojdo otica xx e sttc-keid itt Like OliIniii-g
itig fish popiltititlis itt fte likes. Thie lake stutdies tite ,till
uitderx v its tt w xill cotintue titwit 1974.
FIG.. 1,- Sto-kirig Iu~ iIj~ i,? t i Lak
1
- tloinega.
Sigtnificantt 
1
irtithctioti itteases -Y s oig itt tatuital
wxaters tare p1 oi ys iqitte lin it-ti. Some of the i~ ~at iiit
lakes xx itli litlit-o x itel sli(d anti ti-Itiis ly loss f(-rtilits\ i,--
i fit Io\ix pri duitt t is iyt per I tcttari- of xx tt r sitrfatce. All ofi
thle latkes except 0olnegaf vit-iid icss thltat 11)1 kililgrinis
pe- hecttare peri yer ant d itc it is di ltill thatttt it suistaitecl y ieldt
ahove tis li- cotutld he at tait i-il. L akei fislhtries do'i nt
lettd titeinsceis -readily to ittesise i-titnigittlit tili ufl~s.
mttm11 tittic. Sizc of, fish, atnd itiillbr I f ishi to hlarsc-st is talso
diffic-itt. Tue lakes sttttl lots slitoxx it gaps) itt ptoditetioti tild
fitlpriixid titi effichicse of' iotrx st, tix h\es ci- ithtr int-,tis
inist hbt utilitzid to siotiificttitl inlcase tite sulpply oft ti-
xxater fish il I,"LI Statlidir-
(oi-tir wii xithi the lakes stooldxV pci soittel liro tili- Doi-
partmiit ill Fishite s, I. SAID. aii P(-cc C orps cati id ouit
at coopertket stootl ' to exalitite tic fish pild c-tlture ill ll
Salv ador. t-stilts of thtt studs xxc-i- i-iported ils Jetisi-Il (2).
Fish Pond Culture Study
of fish xxits har ivested fromt thle 5:3 h c-tattres of fishi pt ii s
existing it tl'i t-outttry. \ltnv iol tile poittis sx crc noit ini
Product iont it time iof the xis is -v -Ax crati p roduction 
frIonit alli
potis xx%-xits i approximateciy 1:36 kiltoigram is per hectatre per -t eairt
A44
Sai llt)! aJlc I)i- I i i!l k. klldcrll. D~irector, I SAXID) \Ik'sin:
Mr. lack It. Ninirix. Xxxitaiit Food and Xi~ricnttilli a Office, 1. S II:
Mr, ( .cinioil ( iaN c, E'xtensioin Atl' isor, US k XI): and pnnil
ON\ lit'!
ilrgcii't of prodit't iiand xlifei\ ixt't Lii \ 
t fihl fori
\ci f' or pil Ill iirigd lIn tit(' xw x cx 1cam. Ax ciage 
pro-
tltiooh n iiiii m iligTet 
1
)liild \\its iiiiiiit foi tiricx is gi cat
igctl pliitL lloxxtcer. xilc (11( t tinlicx tit( itlnoniit 
of fish
per licctare ix, the Likes. W\ithl no 1ilpiox tiilii ill 
cuiltiiie
Fish Consumption
ht'xiiltx ot a 19T I 1A( xtilx of fishi pilltllictIii lit iodcil-
xlilliptji11l ill Sill Slilx at
1
) (8) xlloxx thalt jt't( Ililio)- fi fixsh
soild thterxe a %\its 1 f o l Hini t xxate) x. Perlldflx ioi)i itill.-i
citlitlill il t'illei t to at pl-fnod!l- xlil! c('t ofI thit' xlllli hf 
isi on
fixlii'l lienl xold xx lit I ixl tit(x t':uil it to ciajicix 
flol- loca'.l
coiixliiilptiiill. \LLnx lion xdii ll)p fixlii'ileii opeatdtt 
olit oif
p)ort ariax but thetr tiotal tcatchi did iiiit ellulil tilt( ijcietal
tatici of tilt xhimpll flit'eril'l. (ualitx oif' titc fixlh xx\x\ 
ils
ci alix poor.
Per cd
1
)itl ciilllptioll of fixhli ll El Slilxaiim \\ ixs cxtinilltcd
at 2 kilogumxn, \\ ith uin oi isnxnrptioii -1. 1 kilograinxs 
itl
coastaltllea 111 Mx ii' per2 (lifita .ollpllltilili of' fxi 
\\ ixs ligli.
Exc'tpt ftor coatil legilisx titu I iiraid ii 'ax i ccixt' 
littlt
freshl fixs), xx hicli acciilnitx I'lt)) tic \tl tinclx lowx lpt' 
c'lijitli
ttil hl-.ir t't x ix tlied'i. llct' idittot xecli to beii' a xllifl
i.iit fito till dtli lii) [ili (N111,11, Iii (il( i ed (, 1) 11 i ii
Fish Marketing
Il 197:3 at iiiok'tiiig xtiilx xxaxii uti'i tikt'i iiiiili tit'
ilxpice't 'xu tit( lFieies'' Sii it ' S All) ilild tihe Pt'ace
Coirpsx. Dt'xigi et to ideiitix thii xtnu cx .n tl id ulititx tof fixsi
iiAi ki'tcdi xxitliii E~l Silxiltoi tit' xtuilx xxiii clixl ii ll xt'l-
xiilsx of thit' x cil toi ct'rillilic if' xcaiiiiaolitx\ of xiiiix 
iit
toleiiltd il an ). titit' jriital coniictix xini xe cx ld re-' f'
gTardlw 14lilakite xti litir th'itl liiikitil It lil! iilix
Existing Marketing Systems
tIii tiil a ii il thit fllin i t'quiretd fix thet tonxnumcr. 
[it a
in1peii xx x eni. A oiglv ti' prli~i ix ,i y tilix llilrirkt'tii 
xxxtil)
lit theil ixll.t je l N t'in . th lls~ixilil. tix larglx iaxuti 
oile
to th x iirj i je r fi it x siglt cialrix for ax n lil' i
t 
ioxxo )jlt\ liiti
11 lxo ui o ii ll gl i ilc i) a ti' pit 
ci ti
Tix e l ialiti lniu i'r till)!) xast xxol ( at'r fxi. 
tic
fii..itf iitidi fiexhxx iliterl fixii cuaxi 1)1' ut 
rillit'% liill
theil xhti xx iter y tjxi. f in fn t fioot, xx thi iult i c 
cill llliselo
tetii thinx erdir*ie Platil hil th it euiiido1))1 
i lilliltlx bae il
nt ourlip ix e .\ th ii lio ltx toi is [iico (ll Igit lix' 
'it iilI
hierx 1)tttplie Ili a fix cx lah b\t shr11 c impae s cai i ret hw'i 
at er
fato t's lilillb fil ig of r ti it a) ket't tllx xx 
x it t le xtu-
ftixs an iiioxx, f tte i it'lii on be of'~l hilt
1 
\ka-
c'th iii sat'\tt i sh. hi ''llfix drt facxor dx l reqiiii' rx cii ooal innCS
IGC. 3. Fish 111 xiol crx andit rt ni crx loading fixsh oni trihi at
1)11112 gil
of such factors as (1) less of the fresh fish are unsold, and
(2) the quantity of smaller fish caught has declined due to
pesticide problems in the rivers and estuaries. The pesticide
problem will be discussed in greater detail in the section on
production.
Much of the marketing is conducted by women who have
been in business for many years. No generalization can
suffice to characterize all markets; however, an example may
assist in illuminating the complexities of moving one type
of fish from one port city to consumers. Bagre or salt water
catfish, a common fish sold both fresh and dried in El
Salvador markets, will serve as the example. The movement
of this type fish from the port at Acajutla has been traced
for one season. The quantity has not been determined since
origins intersect in all of the major markets.
A Market Channel Example
Fishing boats arrive at the pier in Acajutla in the after-
noon, and most of the fish are immediately sold. Figure 4
is a graphic representation of the market channels used. At
the pier, catfish sell for approximately 00.35 per pound.
A portion of this is bought by consumers in 4- to 10-pound
strings. The wives of fishermen also retain some fish which
they sell in the Acajutla market the following day at an
average of 00.55 per pound. The markup is possible since
the price per unit increases as the quantity purchased de-
creases. The investment for the retailer is minimal on a
daily basis. Market space costs 00.10 per day and the other
assets consist of fish baskets and banana leaves. No trans-
portation or storage charges are involved at this level.
Wholesalers buy most of the fish at the dock, for shipment
to Sonsonate, Santa Ana, and San Salvador. The fishermen
normally gut the fish prior to sale, the wholesaler provides
the function of collecting, storing, and transporting. The fish
are usually iced down in metal containers before being moved
overnight by bus, truck, or train, depending on the whole-
saler and the volume transported. When the fish reach the
market they are immediately in direct competition with
freshwater fish and fish from other ports, as well as the
volume of "Pescado del Barco" from the shrimp fleets. The
small size of the country allows ease of shipment from the
ports and lakes to all of the major markets.
Establishing Market Price
Several levels of wholesalers exist, and the line between
wholesaler and retailer narrows as the fish reach central
markets. In some instances, a large wholesaler-retailer may
sell to the public and to smaller retailers. The market study
will determine if differential pricing allows the phenomena,
or if the cause may be informal arrangements whereby larger
retailers do not sell fish in small lots while the smaller re-
tailers subdivide larger lots and sell on a per unit basis. The
markets are organized in a manner to nearly meet theoretical
supply and demand conditions. Fifteen or 20 sellers of
similar products normally would result in a price which just
covers the seller's cost of operation plus a sufficient return
to stay in business. The El Salvador markets do not appear
to meet model conditions with regard to price. The total
investment for all levels of the market except the large vol-
ume wholesaler of "Pescado del Barco" at El Triunfo would
FIG. 4. Movement of salt water fish from the port of Acajutla to principal areas of consumption, November 1973.
V
lit les~s thani (,: pet lax or (0.03 pet 100t pountds of fish
to atketeri. The siallest nock tip of ha gre ci iing the time
period covered1 was eO.11 b~etwXeeni Acajutla and the La
Cainpatia inatrket iii El Salvxadoit Sin ce the marke tintg miat
gin hias bee c inmaiti led, certain suipply atntd demnitd teaturctt
lan e postulated. First, dematid has keen sufficientt to moRIX
the pi odltct at the prex ailit ig price. Tliree factors inidicate
tlw a lidit\ o the11 aisumption:i (I ) Pescadl( del itarco"
wxithi exti reuiv lowx quality sells in the matrket as fresh fish;
(2) (ied ftsil are imported to mneet the demrattd for th~e
produc nt itt thiiat ftrm atnt d (1 3) sotmne xs ol esalers or retailers
showX no tetidetic. to ctot lpt tr to inoX e the product.
Price Response to Supply Increase
Iti antalx 'zing the inarke t tot fish, oic f actotr is parainoutt
FtreshwXater fishi sell fot approxittlateX twXice ats muich as
mtost salt wXater fish attd sell competitivecly wsith the titost
prefered species of salt XX ater fish. It the itumhcer of fresh-
Xwater fish reaching~ the market wxetc to iticrease, twXo evecnts
wXoultId ocetr tr I) treto at ds XX hiich ale preseti uot mnet
could( he satisfted at the samne price for the producer; and (2)
if produ~ction ittcreased I\ at large enough factor, a portilot
of the muarketinig toargilt XX otd be paissed ott to ctotsitlners
itt order to mov e the ptroduict. W\ithi substaintial production
itncreases, the freslxater fish XX\on](] dlrXve the lowver rqoalit\
salt wXater fish ito the (ied fish sector. FreshwXXater fish could(
etiter tlte markets at rates upI tot :36,000 kilogr ams per \% ek
befotre any~ sigttificantt price effects ssioulr ocecur at the potnd
lev el. The prtduction of :36,0001 kilograms per week unidet
existing condcitionis wXould teqtuire 6(00 hectares of surface
wXater . Both fitcreasitig inicomte and~ increasing populationt
XX otlil incerease the arroutit of acreage feasible XX itltout sig-
nific.atit price chatnges. Intcreased productiotn wxithiout popu-
Iaiton1 grow~tht XX ottd resl t itn an~ ittcrease itt per~ ca p i cotnt-
simptioti Iwv approximiatel\ 0.5 kilogi am pet year,
PROJECTED IMPACT OF FISHERIES PROJECT
The U~SAID El SalXvadot ohjectiX es atnd strategN papet
tot 1972 (S) iden tified tor pritniai emnphasis tXXot critical 
1
)t 1)1
lemn areas, ot ticiplo n tet nt d tn rtemll o\nlit. at d a tatr-
gyet group of loxs amd citeditin iticone fotnttetrs. Mlore specifi-
calix . the tar get group is composed tt tartiers swithi larl
holditngs bietwXeeti I attd 49.9 htectares. This gtrottp hicks
ctredit, mnarket access, ktto~x Icre of ne\\ teclit ologx, attd
other assets XXhIichi limit their abilitv to tully oitlize land atid
labot tresouirces . According toi the strategy paper, fish pi t-
dcltion t\011i attack thlree basic pro
1
dein s of thIis ru ralI serttort
(I) dlietary deficiency in attinal proteitn, (2) lowX farmi in-
conc. 1ttd (:3) high rate of untiploynment.
As shtown by nutritionsal data, fish arc about 8(0 per ccent
prte~tin ott at tflistlire-tree basis, itt conmpaiso wX Xithi 40.5t0
per cent I or red mneats and 7 per ceut for rice (9). On a pet
poutitid protein basis, red meat gemicralls* costs about twXice
ats mulch as fish. The Ifact that fish pr odtictiotn enijoys a mnore
efftcient cotiversiotn factor thtani r1 meat pirductlin is of
primary imporitanice. While pcoltty prodittiont has improvecr
to the point that 2 p)otuds of supplemiental teed produtces a
p)oundr of gain, beef production requires 6 to -7 pouinds of
feed pet poutnr of gout. Of particular significance. teed uised
for red meat prorduction often can he used for humian cont-
surmption. In contrast, the feed used fot the species of fish
giroswn in El Salvaodor does not compete tot humnan constimp-
tioti. These species feed on rdecaye cclnattei, bottomn otrgaln-
isins. pIlimt-toti. atnd algae, and can utilize such lIX-proditcts
ats rIicket i tantire and coffee pulp.
a
IG . 5. Thireshing oif batnd htarv ested! rice.
Hesetclic at the FishIetries St at ionit Sata Cr (uz ItrrmIllo, ha is
been untdertaikeni to (letennitie featsible produoctioi systemis fo
1
fish rcilttire. Objectiv es are to determine riptiniom stocking
rates atid cultural systemns that wXill nlixinize retturnis to hlmd,
labor, and capital ItiXestineit. Already a produltctiont sX'tem
for farners within the tiirget group hais been dleveloped. '[lie
mnicro imipart ott the inivxidual prodcli is illustraitecd in the
niext se'ctioln.
Capital Requirement
TwoX (I mijtr rer(Inircincmits foi fish culture aire a stablle XXater
suipply and soil suitable for pond contstruictioin. Withi coin-
pletioti of the geological surv'v in El Sailvador, the estimated1
acreiage feasible foir pondr coiistruction ii l XXI e ktiowni. As
shoXni below, comnstructioni of a I-lictare pond,. including
drnhand itdlrainage system, requ(itres is cap)ital invXestmtent of
uip
1
roxiniatly e 5,t0ttf
Itemi
IPoncl construction
Seine net -------
Conitainecrs --- --
TOT iAL lxx LSTMUN\
,I'tal iisi lot'
Life, wa'trs I-lit (tre
e4,970
5i 198
5 3:3
e5.51I
Constrtuction costs do tot cliatge proportiotately wxith
surfaice area. Thuns at /2 lectarc potnt ci tigh t rir (t l fti oti-
vestment of (,3,500t and a 2-hectam e ponid 01d eX(
7
,0t00. If
a sufficietit nuinher of pxonds Xwerec oistrtirted in close
proximity a i cooperativeC arraigemnett to pini a~sc seintes and
coIta~iners couldl be made, thereby rerducinig the initial iu-
"esttntt per operator lxy ( 2:31. The cotstrutctiont cost of
(5,0 atI I)~ssutmes the use of a hulldcozet. If p otnids lire (-oti-
structei tusitig hatnd labor andl bollocks XXith scrapers, the
cost of conistruction swould be rduced to stonicexcttent.
Labor Requirement
The climate ini El Salvador is so xxai in that fish proun-
tion citi be earried out year-rocuinc. If the Xwater suipply 
is
tot sufficient to maintatin the pour
1 
lexvel doting the dry
season, still one rop of fish eon be iraisedl pci y ear. Labor
requiremnents per hectare given in Table I are for Xto pro-
TABLE 1. MONTHLY LABOR REQUIREMENTS PER HECTARE FOR Tilapia-GUAPOTE TIGRE PRODUCTION IN EARTHEN PONDS IN EL SALVADOR
Labor required by month
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr. Hr.
Apply inorganic
fertilizer -------- 4.3 2.2 2.2 4.3 2.2 2.2 17.4
Stock finger-
lings . - 4.65 4.65 9.3
Apply chicken
manure- 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.3 46.6
Harvest fish--- 24.0 143.3 24.0 143.3 334.6
Maintain pond 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 40.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 40.0 160.0
Total labor..... 20.95 12.0 38.2 14.2 12.0 189.6 20.95 12.0 38.2 14.2 12.0 186.6 567.9
' Starting month is arbitrary.
duction periods of 6 months each. The starting point for
the system is arbitrary unless water supply serves as a con-
straint. The labor requirements peak twice yearly as por-
trayed in the table; however, the peaks could be smoothed
over a 3-month period. Following initial stocking of the
fish, only feeding and pond maintenance are required until
the first partial harvest at 3 months. The remainder of the
fish are harvested at 6 months; then the pond is cleaned,
restocked, and production begins for the second batch. Har-
vesting could continue from the third month through the
sixth month, with partial harvests of the larger fish each
month. Then the cash flow to the producer would stabilize
and the flow of fish to market would be more orderly. With
two /-hectare ponds 3 months out of sequence, the producer
could harvest each month and have cash income on a
monthly basis. Each of the alternatives are economically
and biologically feasible and each represents slightly different
cost and return situations.
Production Cost
The production cost budget presented in Table 2 assumes
two partial harvests and two principal harvests per year.
Most of the budgeted labor cost of 122 is imputed to accrue
to the pond owner since the pond owner and family mem-
bers should be able to supply all labor needs except for
additional help at harvest. The cost of supplies is 070
9 
per
year, or 0354 per crop of fish. Short term operating capital
would be required at a cost of approximately 16 per grow-
ing period or 032 for two batches of fish per year. The total
production cost of p957 includes pond maintenance and
depreciation on the seines and fish containers. The major
cash expense items included in the total are cost of chicken
manure and cost of fingerlings. If sufficient production begins
in an area, one producer may specialize in fingerling pro-
duction. In the interim, fingerlings are provided by the
Government Fisheries Service. Chicken manure presently
represents a cost item both to the chicken producer and the
fish producer. The costs listed in the budget represent those
for transporting the manure from the chicken producer to
fish producer. In production schemes where waste material
from one product represents a primary input for another
product, the two are normally produced in conjunction.
Presently, a major turkey producer in El Salvador is exam-
ining the possibility of producing fish to utilize turkey wastes.
Production of the two products in common or in close prox-
imity is indicated by research at the Fisheries Station. The
budget presented does not include any reduced costs for
chicken or turkey production.
TABLE 2. COSTS AND RETURN PER HECTARE FOR PRODUCTION OF
Tilapia-GUAPOTE TIGRE POLYCULTURE USING CHICKEN MANURE
(STOCKING RATE, 2 MALE Tilapia TO 1 GUAPOTE TIGRE)
Item and unit
Costs and returns'
Per unit No. units Unit total Total
0 No. 0
Labor, total man-hours----- 0.30 408 122.40
Apply organic fertilizer .65 8 5.20
Stock fingerlings 1.40 2 2.80
Apply chicken manure . .. 04 350 14.00
Partial harvest 7.20 2 14.40
Final harvest.. 43.00 2 86.00
Supplies -708.76
Ammonium sulfate, lb . .08 175 14.00
Fingerlings, no. .018 19,466 350.39
Chicken manure, lb....... .03 11,479 344.37
TOTAL OPERATING
EXPENSES - - 831.16
Interest on operating
expenses at 9%2 31.90 31.90
Other expenses-- - 94.00
Pond maintenance, hr. .30 160 48.00
Depreciation on nets and
containers (5-yr. life) 46.00
TOTAL PRODUCTION COST 957.06
Returns .------ 2,207.00
Large fish > 14 cm., kg . .88 2,354 2,071.80
Small fish < 14 cm., kg.. .44 307 135.20
Net to land, capital,
and management-------- 1,249.94
Capital at 8%, pond
construction ... -397.60
Net to land and
management- - -952.34
Land charge 
@ 215/ha 
215.00
Return to management. 737.34
Return on capital
investment __-___ _22%
SU.S. $ is equivalent to 2.5 colones.
2 Family labor is used in production. Interest increases 
by 05.50
if hired labor is required.
SThe budget includes charges for all items included in produc-
tion and contains a net return of 0952.36 after payments of wages,
purchase of supplies, interest on operating capital, and interest on
fixed capital. If pond construction is financed, the 0952.36 would
be available to repay the loan. The amount could repay capital
investment in slightly more than 5 years. If both land and pond
construction are financed, then 0737.36 would be available to re-
pay both loans.
Returns
vos itti is i o~iii ,ii ales ofi 2,34.5 kiloliamx 
of fish
I'll iii 1-4 iitiiwtuis il lciigh aod :30, kilooi 
ill of'
fish siilli'r tliii I I ce(iltilnete! 5. BiisitI oil 
thai ket sItuiets
Mid liiriicid c\ ittlic froint 1ishicic 's 
titioii sat's liti ger
1t 'i kilo ittl tit( pod ik. ( ioss 
iitulis 15of per t
cI, 250 per liectiit oti at capital ilix estitit 
oft appioiiiltelx
tlic ' iie (ret1rn to lii ii and1( miailag itit 
is 0
9 5 2
. Assuiioii
at laiiI chatroe of (-
2
15 pei licc I tte the r eturni to ountge-
iieitt I, c 7 :3. The J'reenitge I etirti oil calpitil 
is appr)1oxi-
Micro Impact of Production
siui le iit(,hli't i~widiti ] etitrit of ('11.31) 
per lio for-
lort Ito impuitedu char81ge for lfiiilx 
labor1 \\'its ielic(ted
Ii oiii onis i ieturlus. 11' fiinlilx laboir is ii'(ld to 
r aise aoid hla-
ist Ihe fish, (11(11 11 it prodlcei- \\ill iixe giross 
i etili I is of,
c2,07 \\hIicli wxill ie-ciiler tit', iiicoiie stream. 
Of (lie, totall
i'\fet'ixexflr supfplies aold itottict) 47 per ceiit 
is 1(1111 ied
ditii 'l\ to the li fiill xCtoi 17oi pinlliaxe of fil(igei 
S Nttx I I
aditionaii~l 47 per c'(iit o.oes to (lie tri roiporttiii 
sectori I or
Ia ilimg chiicken i tu lii . Both of these sectors 
hiaxve hligh
loctk carits aie iised to haul t'iickeii inair~iie 
to (lie' pout
1
.
Ftli t'iliiie xfpe'ii ill thiexe sectors x\xxill creatte appi 
oxiliitelx
(iti iiiiiilix zilC ctipliitt'i. Of tit(e reiitaioiii 
expeifutuire.
4~ pei ('(,lit ts returined tii (lie cretdit siectori 
xxer h icie piiitiuui xxill
iciecii i ilalhie lor iiexx loans. Ili aidditiiniipprlxiitii 
l i'v 2
per' (ii) goes to (lie' iimpoirt sector awld leaxex tile 
xx stein.
Tilie iiioiii it gToii ug to the import xcHioi xx il bie 
i i'IICCd ats
(lie' piiitti ages. xii ice less aliiiiliilii ut rate 
x\iii ibe rejloeti.
istriloitioii of ('ash ex\penses uix cii beloxx ind~icates tinilact
tif pi iiiiictioii oil tiiffceieit segicits ofi 
tiie ecoiiiiii
Aiiiiii
1 1.001
:350.39
'344.:39
'7401.68
Jli'tj ii i
tianispou taiiou xetoir
c(et cto
I1cci'utttiiiii of iroxx ii'tilii b\ lix ;li loluuiut of' t'ulub 
i'\pi'iit'
tutu).t aioi ti/uitiiil. ilid lii tu xcpensxex. Auuoi 
tiiatiii ofi ioiiIid
cts \ iix i 201\ xctar peitod ireuiei t' 
priiw~ipal piix iiit'ii iif
.11)1)1 iiiiia.it':i25 I~c 1\~'xeai piiux iti initerest 
lxix iio'iit of
(-)' thei fiirst eit dt'tcreasinig aihilil iitteix 
u2 c) i'lel tl
itii (it' tdebt ix icttii it. The hld o cliaigt' xx 
iiill li'e (,215
to 'ixei' lbothi piiii).il i iiit'irext iix] i t'e 
201 x \cars. To'ital
piax iiit to (it(' ]ili( i teiii tredit se'tori the 
fiist x ea xxii iiito l
hei (-'S62 inticli of' xxhichix \oniti rei e th le 
et'iituix.1 it,,liii
iall fiilixs.
Afteri' toital pix \iiitiit tif expenxes, piitipaliioid 
iiiti'iext.
thei pr oiducer i ((ixC C6li'i4 i'ttiri lot libor 
at
1
id ixk hiear-
ito. Of (lit' ('1614 icht't , ('-46 tiiiit be 
st't aiide fiir i tplact
Iiiit of, tlt'f ilei aissets, itCx lg '6S tdirect 
disxposablle
ut ic liii (lie fish protditer. Fori proiidiceis x xxlo 
li'i'itix
luaix ' ott ild ut or 
1
i,iuti(lie iiiiiot it ot thixptsilit iiux iiiit
xx iiili lie iii i (axid accorlligi
10
Fori tlie simaial t ii iediiiiii I ari i i ikiig 
ipl (lie tilget
gi iiiip (tie ciiiuiiiftiiwi fuiictoii li.S 
ilp)~iIIiI tCix tile Sallie
slo igi' i l' ii ll fiii h ictito . A\ c r i 
l ittI .iiioi lit of' sitx iii(
xii l ixie xx hl the filIincr perceix 
('x his iiui'iiiie xhl) is
pcIIIiiiiiieit. Thie sax\ iiigx xxiii hie iice 
ia xo offi~set rixk oxver
tihe life of the( luaui. Assxiuniiug All iiiti 
a] .5 pr (''Ii saxvinigs.
xtlcitill ill tile purichlase of fiod, t'liitiiig, 
aliit otheir Items.
W ih ai assuiimetd muiltiplieri of 9..5 iii (lie 
iiiin sectori . (
4,-t ,40. The iii oine getnieratedi hx product 
ioin expend (it ure
xxit ax ssumiiedi to apprimaii~te (,6,59:3 
per x'ear: thui, tlie di-
retct iiucoiiie e'flit xx iid aippiluci l eI 
50)) pei liectilre of
1
it odlit ioii 
1
wi' xi 'ii.
Additional Production Systems
fei c )iitoi xxillaiol ciicei Tiliai c, ix- itil 
(t' iii )tt' piixxi-
xx stiiii max it' b e x ciiit foi ilctfiit prole 
s st('is A
i oh B3 ii 7uTiai iiioiiociiltiire xxitli 1000 t)lltt1 
id 1.506 fitt) ger-
iluos l)(Ii betiiu e. \\ritli tit', xx Ite xulii.ec ill 
iiiciiiie xx itilii
thie ciiiiiitrx tit(' iitiii t ofh li gt ald xiiiuil fish 
puinlitei hx
i'iiiit.~ iii xinae. xhe e fish t bes l it 
t aiic ate diiie-
itsis loii sile tii oligi xtpt'riiau ikets.
x(iii cii tt'ciii(iijit. W\hile xs ,sti'iii A genuiertes 
c a p)rofit(alle
ltexet of, requuruu. uitititiiziul xtiickiiig cain iri'xilt 
iii a lhighitr
lei'x i s ill xxsteinl B. BVx iiituoiii, ig a bliigooicii 
contiiil
a'it. lit' h pi iitioc' cii 'iniititxt th(' lex tl of 
rciius cx cii
ii Ilthiti axs ill Sx steinl C. W\ithi(lt biologTical ctirotii 
agTent.
(it', stockiiig lilt(' tai lit iulcle-iil iid xuippiuiitil'x 
feet]
ilig iiiti ioliceila itsil sxystein 1). The xiippleiniutal 
fed itddx
xxiulit to cxstiiig fish iii tit' pout
1 
ritheu thaii iluceasiuug tlii'
(ei lls list a ix p 1 i) c iuud iniot i comipetitoii 
xxitli thle
T[lie itiinlo'i ii c'rop) ii l Silx atlin ix coffee. 
Output
exceeds'tl 2 iniliioii 60llkilo litas per x iai. Ti 
pruoice a (it)
kiiii bilig of luau i tot! ee t'ic t'aboiiut :3(1( kiios 
iii clit' ix
tuill cc. Appriiiilt'lxr 2401 kilos perihag (480) iiiillitii 
kilos
totall) iif xx axte iiateial on a i') e iasix i'e ai ilailt'. 
A~ pre~
paired aitioii ctoiitiiiui :30 per1 (''i coiifet' piilp 
xx\ix' textetd
toi c I,784 per hitctirie. Triaix ii toletti nioie (t'e iptinin feed-
TABLE 3. STOCKING RATE, PRODUCTION, COSTS, AND RETURNS PER
HECTARE FROM FOUR FISH PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN EL SALVADOR
Item and unit
System System System System
A B C D _
Stocking rate, no........ 10,000.00 15,000.00 10,000.00 15,000.00
Total produc-
tion,
2 
kg.................... 1,942.70 3,249.90 2,661.00 3,864.00
Large fish, pct..-...... 84.90 30.90 88.05 91.00
Large fish, kg. ,_ 1,649.60 1,004.60 2,354.00 3,256.00
Small fish, kg. 293.10 2,245.40 307.00 338.00
Returns
Large fish,
4 
colones ... 1,451-.60 884.00 2,071.80 3,102.90
Small fish,' colones____ 129.00 987.90 135.20 148.70
Total returns,
colones - 1,580.60 1,872.00 2,207.00 3,251.60
Production cost,
colones - - 957.06 1,047.96 957.06 1,467.90
Net return to land,
capital, and man-
agement, colones -- 623.54 824.04 1,249.94 1,783.70
1Based on one trial (replication in process).
2 Based on market survey. A demand exists 
for smaller fish, thus
the entire pond production can be sold.
SLarger than 14 centimeters.
' 00.88 per kilogram pondside.
' 00.44 per kilogram pondside.
System A-Tilapia monoculture for commercial production (10,-
000 fingerlings per hectare).
System B-Tilapia monoculture for commercial production 
(15,-
000 fingerlings per hectare).
System C-Tilapia-guapote tigre culture without supplementary
feeding (6,666 male Tilapia plus 3,334 guapote tigre per hectare).
System D-Tilapia-guapote tigre culture with supplementary
feeding (12,000 Tilapia plus 3,000 guapote tigre per hectare).
Coffee pulp ration cost 00.10 per kilogram.
ing and stocking levels are continuing. As indicated in the
table below, the optimum economic level has not been ap-
proached:
The marginal cost shown includes the cost of both addi-
tional feed and additional fingerlings. With extremely low
cost supplementary feed in relationship to high value output,
feeding could continue until the fish reach a conversion rate
of approximately seven.
Stocking
rate per
hectare
Produc- 
Marginal
tion, 
kg cproduct,
ti 
g. 
a/ kg./
ha./yr, 
ha./yr.
Value of
marginal
production
Marginal
cost
3,000 4,025 1,2351 ? 950.95 0 456.95
4,000 - -. 9,982 
5,957 04,586.89 01,371.612
6,000 -12,504 1,261 
? 970.97 0 360.882
SChange based on Tilapia-guapote tigre without supplementary
feeding stocked at 300 per 0.1-hectare pond.
2 Includes additional 
cost of fingerlings.
With high pond densities and high supplementary feeding
rates, controlling reproduction in the ponds becomes crucial.
Biological control by using guapote tigre is one method, but
in addition researchers have developed a method of obtain-
ing Tilapia hybrids which are all male. Stocking only male
fish, which grow faster and have more efficient conversion
ratios, increases the value of each harvest.
Extension Activities
Research generally has a high multiplier for each dollar in-
vested, but results must be transmitted 
to the clientele of the
researchers for its value to be realized. One of the gaps in
the El Salvador fish culture program has been a vehicle to
disseminate research results to the target group. Efforts have
begun to remedy the situation. Short courses and demon-
strations have been conducted for extension agents through-
out the country. A demonstration pond has been constructed
and managed on a model farm in the northeastern part of
the country. The Ministry of Agriculture has established fish
culture specialists and now allows the Fisheries Service to
conduct extension activities. One of the most hopeful de-
velopments was the commitment by the Fisheries Service to
build 100 community ponds throughout the country. Pro-
duction from these ponds will substantially increase the
amount of freshwater fish available, but more importantly,
researchers can transmit information directly to producers
by demonstration projects in the ponds.
Even though the situations differ in the extreme, certain
sequences in production of catfish in the United States and
Tilapia in El Salvador might be comparable. Also the effects
of research at field stations on production in the surrounding
area could have some application. Research at Auburn Uni-
versity Agricultural Experiment Station indicated catfish pro-
duction in farm ponds was economically feasible. Then Soil
Conservation Service and Agricultural Stabilization and Con-
servation Service promoted the development of catfish ponds
on a cost sharing basis. Finally fingerling producers initially
made profit and then developed processing facilities to con-
tinue sales. During a limited period there was developed a
catfish industry with 7 processing plants in Alabama and 21
plants in the Southeast. The dissemination of information
through bulletins, magazine articles, and Sunday supple-
ments was rapid. Catfish production began on land which
could not be utilized for other types of production. With
reasonable profits realized, however, fish production replaced
corn, soybeans, cotton, and rice on some acreage. In some
instances in the Mississippi Delta, entire farms of 500 to
1,500 acres were converted to fish production.
Since El Salvador has mountainous terrain throughout
much of the country, 20- or 30-hectare ponds are not feasi-
ble in many areas. Initial production efforts might be di-
rected towards natural pond areas where dams could be con-
structed in the watershed. Construction costs would be
minimized in this fashion, and fish production would repre-
sent an additional enterprise rather than a replacement for
existing enterprises. Carrying out fish production in associa-
tion with chicken, turkey, and possibly swine production of-
fers additional flexibility. For swine production, the major
benefits would accrue when hogs are raised in confinement.
Innovators in close proximity to field stations have typi-
cally assimilated new production methods and varieties be-
fore the general dissemination of research results. The com-
munity ponds represent field stations in miniature. Fish pro-
duction should first increase in the areas of community ponds,
and then when profitability becomes apparent, spread to
other areas.
One of the most promising areas for fish production with
respect to terrain and water resources is the coastal plains,
which is presently used for cotton production. Much of the
area is low, marshy, or innundated by brackish water. Fish
culture is competitive with cotton on the micro level and
could be expected to replace cotton on marginal land. In
the United States, the major cotton production and fish pro-
duction occur in juxtaposition. An additional impetus in El
Salvador is the location of the Fisheries Station at Santa Cruz
Porrillo within the cotton production area. A limiting factor
in the Coastal Area is that all of the factors which contribute
to increased production are negated by current methods of
insect control on cotton. The relatively indiscriminate spray-
ing of the area has caused numerous fish kills at the station,
as well as in the area's fresh and brackish water. Even if pesti-
11
of II i til' fish is, )ijiltitI fl t ae )1 Iod \\ itil ii'iiltitit t ceats
illcost 10 poution 0w Cp. Oterap liiomtos ul bes
theseal to o\e cosit sl fish increalls il i t protec.tion lml.ol
ti 11till pl iileets ('5 XX 'ite t't ptici d r i e idueti it lle i-
Xsit it f ish produtio i ll t)X ill'ilts tt u ll rodu rtuitil liii of .tie
c st irs XoiI \il t' cs(titsil ii riis. Amil e a ro u ti ilI si
ililtieIIilitil sut ll
1
\c ill bothia et'd cliteil iazid iiii siitli
tieiitiiriit ofI fres fit h ish11w til hl.c"ol
Macr EfEt ofAProDtOnRnrs
[rc' dcc t' dick dchti. ( ici it a i l ili t ill tiiiji i l o2) 11( ail
dci c oilit l Incomet~l iilI 111(1 i i j ihmcilt 1111 i t' i tI tile pro-1
Xtttic. levc for cit'h JI l ti Iti hi ii ofi irdu ti it Brie 15511Cio tlo
fit' pll sil g iIt i ic ll 3 its hhU ill i 97:3 llm" Se tid ti] aitc ial
tultu hh ll tcIfl tut
Far uiiSector
I llistll jiI toil Ii i
1't 111It ill'- liii 'cIliii'''.
Processinig sector
ill Itsill'', I,
TItl \
M liti Xi[\~
Fii lllX lucl t itil iti mtIt111 I
t6tIt
1,150)
500t
2,2.51)
olllvli JIwo
mcll ii toll
162C
16(2
:324
324
6i48
810)
(61)
6t00
(4itl(
t600t
5t)
Moll tIl
41111
1 .(i20
1,296
:324
I i211
1.2916
:32 4
1 621)
1:35
:3(61,Itt
691))l0t
:3)10Mt0l
1.3.510,00
11 12,00
2642,0(1
210It00t
ill5,til
.52.5,lit
810IIit00
2(i2,0ll
11)2,til
942.WI
I 0SM00'
Ill 110t0
0I 6i3,000it
it 711111)
)(I 2S.000i
XXod i tijreo (4000 ilcta i r tX 1 i) littic oi toil \\ itstits-
atlle Ito h ieii tt1.t puni. toil acis ilciwtlI iiasii 2,511(
1)\r l-, ili i' fih titipim) oit- 
X tiii itl ItX joult' p t plu erson-
Macldroeffiec of0 Iecluvsion 0Iltl ol of a Pocesin S c
iii Bi)1e l '~tileXI tia i-iiaX PlI tigl ud ett l6lt l e\i t il i
ofi prdtim til t'Xtidt requXX e 1r,35 0 tlt'fIi ill-ho oet ltabotr~tX
it i ios t if tail ,00 IX r vI' i i i l it i molthlfis b 'iti t' 11 tX0C
lireshilti itttlitt 2 Ic33T5 :ou (1 he i't rq it' AsittIX (Iibi pis
til ,lt id 6IX hous per1 \etjkl orI 24t hXors perlil :35liltil thel
fit 1115 setor I iteii'll t o ifult'ime cit't pititXig lotIttit'X.
15ltl~ 47011 Ij i soit' X AI t s lltind ilt (il it' frish l art llt(gti
piti itClNj~,l thei etei s wou t lt' fi ii e th til shtl .4
15o \li Iit ~it sii muI tlt ip i o X 17 .( ilig It'iXlae 
t ate I t peri It'
Iit~'1 Xli To XiCC]il (IF to iX~ti C t
1 
il iI'ed dou. l3oop t 1111111 i lIt~
ti r illti e tjii at
1  
(lissillrt til ishkiX ik t c op rt
l Iit' Libt5X IIg s't Xis usd t, it t el The rtfpish tilerii (Xik
liii ketiig XXt J intkcsiu 25iX itto fis0 metie til of~t'l fi'slie
.\ 1 1iir, ii i g st'tttir XXI t5iti-efi t a he\i,, sll CaXbo 1ut':3 
5  
iv II 1111i
It ~ hit t eezer ;tIld tiig s e f ii o te It i'5 IX tIi'l is II i itc .
Tt'le t t(Ill itoll 1C C~ lli 12 lt i I a i l l " sal es litil sihirei itoii
Midi occilii l\ iidegillililIX e \ istli li til;t ii'i illikl'tt'tl il
lar ti 1)11l tell til t' 1Iililtilit is dXoliitt a ll liil i tl
FI 11)1titii ur Till tis setlt
12
t1(. T . X111.
1
11 d1611 I'ls ll i i at ._1 I i1wrt11 1 illl ti tXc,
I.;tl)ol 1w]. lillit
Hour' ha. MI, Hours
IThe lcttiioii i20 1) pe citt ofi tw fish pi occssell are gitttil
we ighed, packaged, .at itce ik l ic fo sid inspr
Marlkets. Processitng for stipeniat ket sales t eqtltries lxx ice ats
iti ch l abor pet- uiiit x olutnie hl~sxexer, tile es ci t al sile pri ce
is i 5( imit'l igherI. EThe p)rice dill oreittiai betweencl ptubl1ic
miarkets itidl sli inarkets tort arlou tl X pes of' fisih rattiges
f romh 40 toi 90) pe cnit.
All of' the fih itrae pitce ill ice thus, transpot atioti frot
plattt to iniar-ket iticltldes the cost of tratnspotrtitng thel ice
andi pack aginIg inatra I h
1
. Al th ough xx eight of thle fi is
reituced iii pr ocessinig, the total wxeight trantsported is 
ill
ereatsed. Th e trat txportitiot act! 5 !'tN ill Tzial 4 intdicatesx
muore titte is requiredi peti mctiic tot. Ilt ceality the titte re-
muls the same wxhile oisl the tonitae has increased. 
EqulM
weight of fish atiid ice te aissumred itt tile sampJle.
Thte 1)1rlcessinlg sector reqjuires 1,1012,248 matt-hours (d
labor pet yecar att a cost of e :330,674, or ol it iamoitltix bas,ss
91,854 intal-Ilot s at a cost of (,
2
7,556. Unider tile, samte laliot
ilssitn
1
tiotts ats tie f~ao to sector, appi oxitnateix :38:3 eiroplin 'ees
'W ithitl ti average \\ age of (,72 pet- iovtt wxould he requtitred
for processing iprposes
ile combliiied ftriit and processinlg sectot wiottldi tcquire
853 emiplox ccs for at s oiume of 1,800 metric tolls of fish It otal
(300 hectares of wirlcr soure. Little lnechatlizitioll is as,,
suinei at eithier lev el. Since the icinlg ocecurs ilt the pro (cessot
lexvci, the pl ants sh oul d locarte t eatr the atrc a of prorticti lt.
Productioni ill at 55 Iergistic s\ steini xxoil o111ccur ill close p1 ti-
mlity to pirocessiniig arieals fot the prim aty inputts of chIickeni, tut-
key , O1 itog matM-C or1 e.11ce pulp. T he pocessing falcilitics
wvouild le cei trzill5 locittedl iii areas of fish productiton atttc
tile coilibi it tiot I of inidustieus wxould le Iad to creat iotn of sct-
xvice itt dust ties to proxvidc ice. pack agillg mtrittaiils. and1( tritn s-
Capitol Requirements
Pt ovislii of hothI sh ort itd long 1111 cup! t l for produltiil
.ii d p~rocess itng xxoul
1
d lie ilecesatrs No (liltai rre ax ililalble for
rtse iii estimttitg the cost of proxvidling processinig faceilities
or dctermiing tile loplimimr si/c of ixl pr occssing hilcilits.
T'he advlxent of processitng ie(fires commlmreits for priduc-
tion tat high enough lev els to xx arrnlt mxvestment.
Dum folg the co(ur1se of the sot's cx inl El Six lior, fi511 pio-
(fuetioni nd estiiatel ireturn ts to iiix csliittx weire discussed
w~ith Di. Atoio Botris, oif tile Itnternational~l lDcxelopinci it
Batnk. Ott thc hasis of cxfperimtlntil results obtaine tel t the
Fisherifes Slittioii, the Banlik exp)ressed at) interest ill itsvest-
inlg ili fillrio fish cui l tu re ill El Salxvadoir. Thle Baltik xx1 ilcoil-
chuct lI I It Iepeideta It a . six toi d tet til te thle Ica~silitv xof
fisht eulturte. Soutrccx xuc ictas tl ~itt h ieii atioiIal I es eb 1)11 i 
It
iatik titi\ proti le it viatble ithtmittixe itt thetx ceii thtat 
tile
El Saixvador creit sector is tttt1tlle tot htiliitce txpattsiitt oif
Short in ilprliitttiii circdit xxi\ill lso c iiecesxst s fot liotli
fprodi ct it t anid prolcessin g. A getnIcies sillch its thle Associii-
tioi lie Ilietestat' ('ilitpesit (ABC ) at sell)i-al i tol illoisx
letinig ilget cx f or stll 1titioi ', prexcitlx exist to siippIix
this ilecrI. lIlosseser. the ittnotinit ot findts aitsrilatlle thi t i
gox ci nei t ilget cics is limnited. lt 1971-72, onlv (,-12.5
in illii werxtie itaailb c friu A BC I tr sutpcrv isedl credlit I'oi
agiricutlturte. F'mttaitciiig Pt tict(till fritn 600 lhcctilrcx of 
fisht
potntds xxul requ11 tftire it t esiiixilg ciecit zlloultet ttf- a111)1oxi
xs'ere rir o~i li t (3-illnt bi 1 itsi . La rgcr itt'cas oif producit(tion
wvould( rcqirfliie 
1
pportioinall lx 111 ie.
Fti liii t f ili lev el, fix!h prt dttc tioit rcptce sa xf it ih alter-
it atis e for1 pitoiducers xx ithI tl e a pproiahtile soil and itIi55atcr sulp-
I) .For the ctitottti5 thc itnpaict ott coiplo , vineic ti an ill-
colie is eitirelx ' dcpciitit lit tlic atilit of, lititi shtiftedf
1985 i itea l tiriple it bY the seat 2t000t. Total fishiteis
prodluctionl \\,1)l1(1 n ell to suistain elfuial inr'eaises to mnltt iltiil
the exist!itng lev el of prt titttili pet cipitil.
REFERENCES AND SOURCE MATERIAL
(1) BAYNE, D. R. 1973. End of Tour Report on El Salvador
Fisheries Project AID/la-688. International Center for
Aquaculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
(2) JENSEN, G. L. 1973. Results and Conclusions of Fish Pond
Evaluation Study; El Salvador Inland Fisheries Project,
1972. Fisheries Service, General Direction of Natural Re-
newable Resources. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock,
El Salvador.
(3) JOHNSON, K. A. AND M. RAMIREZ HIDALGO. 1972. Multi-
volume study of the lakes of El Salvador including in Eng-
lish: 1. The Fisheries of Lake Coatepeque; 2. The Fisheries
of Lake Guija and Market Study of the Fisheries of Metapan
Lagoon; 3. The Fisheries of The Reservoir "5th de Noviem-
bre"; 4. The Fisheries of Olomega Lagoon. Fisheries Ser-
vice, General Direction of Natural Renewable Resources.
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. El Salvador.
(4) LOVELL, RICHARD. 1973. Comparative Analysis of Fish with
other Diet Items. Seminar for USAID Review Committee.
International Center for Aquaculture, Auburn University, Au-
burn, Alabama.
(5) Moss, D. D. 1971. Inland Fisheries Survey Report for El
Salvador, Project AID/csd-2270. International Center for
Aquaculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
(6) - - AND D. R. BAYNE. 1973. Review of El Salvador
Fisheries Project AID/la-688. International Center for
Aquaculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
(7) PARKMAN, RALPH AND D. R. BAYNE. 1973. A Proposed
Plan for Conducting a Fish Marketing Survey. Fisheries
Service, General Direction of Natural Renewable Resources.
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. El Salvador.
(8) TILIC, I. AND W. McCLEARY. 1971. Analisis de La Com-
ercializacion de Pescado para Consumo y Requisitos para
su Desarrollo, El Salvador. Proyecto Regional de Desarrollo
Pesquero en Centro America, FAO.
Supporting Materials
(1) ANON. 1971. Anuario de Estadisticas Agropecuarias, El
Salvador 1970/71. Direccion General de Economia Agri-
cola y Planificacion. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia,
El Salvador.
(2) ANON. 1971. Costos de Produccion de Granos Basicos -
1971. Direccion General de Economia Agricola y Planifica-
cion. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, El Salvador.
(3) ANON. 1972. Projected Population of Latin America in
the Year 2000. Ceres 5(1) pp. 46-50.
(4) ANON. 1972. Brief of Salvadoran Agriculture. Office of the
Agricultural Attache, American Embassy, San Salvador.
(5) ANON. Undated. "The Place of Fish in the Diet." Agricul-
tural Commodities Projections for 1975 and 1985. Com-
modities Division, FAO CEP. 67/3.
(6) DAUGHERTY, HOWARD E. 1972. The Impact of Man on the
Zoogeography of El Salvador. Biological Conservation. Vol.
4, No. 4, pp. 273-277.
(7) GREGORY, WADE F. 1967. Examples and Ideas for Using
Farm Management Analysis in El Salvador. Prepared for
the USDA/PASA team in El Salvador, Economic Research
Service, USDA, Foreign Department of Trade Divisions,
Economic Development Branch, Washington, D.C.
(8) HERRMAN, Louis F. 1969. Precios Agricolas y Desarrollo
Economico de El Salvador. Investigaciones Economicas
Sobre El Sector Agropecuario en El Salvador. Prepared for
the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock El Salvador and
USAID.
(9) NATHAN, ROBERT R., AsSOCIATES, INC. 1969. Agricultural
Sector Analysis for El Salvador. Prepared under contract
for the Government of El Salvador and the USAID Mission
to El Salvador.
(10) PAREDES, J. R. C. AND G. S. ROSALES. 1966. Costos de
Produccion y Necesidades de Financiamiento de la Pro-
duccion Agropecuaria. Estudio de Credito Agricola de la
Republica de El Salvador. Grupo Permanente de Trabajo.
(11) SHANG, YUNG C. 1972. Comparison of Economic Potential
of Aquaculture, Land Animal Husbandry and Ocean Fish-
eries: The Case of Taiwan. Economic Research Center.
University of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii.
(12) STREETER, CARROLL P. 1973. Researching the Develop-
ing World's Small Farmers. A Special Report from the
Rockefeller Foundation, New York. (El Salvador: pp.
16-22).
(13) USAID. 1970. Summary of Basic Data for El Salvador,
AID (PPC/SHR). dn AID. Economic Data Book-Latin
America-PB 190 286. U.S. Department of Commerce/Na-
tional Bureau of Standard, Washington D.C.
14
CONFERENCES
Republic of El Salvador Government
Ing. Joaquin Guevara Moran, Director; Direction General
of Natural and Renewable Resources, Ministry of Agricul-
ture and Livestock
Ing. Jose E. Cabrero, Head; Fisheries Service; Direction
General of Natural and Renewable Resources, Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock
Lic. Rafael Lazo Milendez, Economist, Office of Evalua-
tion and Planning, Direction General of Natural and Renew-
able Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
United States Government
Dr. L. Harlan Davis, Food and Agricultural Officer, US-
AID Mission
Mr. Jack R. Morris, Assistant Food and Agricultural Of-
ficer, USAID Mission
Dr. Edwin Anderson, Director, USAID Mission
Peace Corps
David Dunseth, Peace Corps Volunteer, Fisheries Station
Ralph Parkman, Peace Corps Volunteer, 
Fisheries Service
University of Florida
Dr. Peter Hildebrand, University of Florida/USAID
Mr. David Zimet, University of Florida/USAID
Informal Conference and Interviews
Dr. Antonio Boris, International Development Bank
Program Officer and Program Evaluators, USAID Mission
Manager La Libertad Fish Cooperative
Fishermen at Lake Coatepeque and Olomega and the port
of Acajutla
Retailers and wholesalers at numerous locations
ITINERARY'
November 18 Arrive San Salvador, Republic of El Salvador.
November 19
November 20
November 21
November 22
November 23
November 24
Initial meeting with officials of the Fisheries
Service and Director General of Natural and
Renewable Resources. Tours of Lake Coate-
peque and public market at Neuva San Sal-
vador.
Initial meeting with officials of USAID Mis-
sion to discuss study and arrange for work
schedule. Initial visit to Fisheries Station
Santa Cruz Porrillo. Tour of Lakes Olomega
and Ilapango.
Initial meeting with USAID University of
Florida research team to discuss subsector
analysis and assist in developing budgeting
procedures.
Initial visit to fish marketing cooperative at
La Libertad. Interview with manager re-
garding scope of operations.
Initial meeting with Peace Corps Volunteer
and counterpart conducting fish marketing
study in El Salvador.
Review of materials and development of data
needs.
' Dr. D. R. Bayne accompanied the author during the period
November 18-28. Ralph Parkman, Peace Corps Volunteer, ac-
companied the author on the visits during November 28-Decem-
ber 6. Numerous meetings with David Zimet, University of Flor-
ida, were held during the period November 28-December 6.
November 25
November 26
November 27
November 28
November 29
Arrange schedule for following week. Review
secondary materials available for the Repub-
lic of El Salvador.
Visit public market in Zucatecoluca. Inter-
view fish venders regarding price, availability
of supply, and sources of supply. Purchased
fish to establish price per unit weight.
Visit public markets in San Salvador. Inter-
view with official from the Bank for Interna-
tional Development.
Visit Fisheries Station, Santa Cruz Porrillo,
for clarification of budget items. Discuss with
USAID officials to report progress.
Visit supermarkets in San Salvador.
November 80 Visit dried fish markets in San Salvador.
December 1
December 2
December 3
December 4
December 5
December 6
Establish tentative budgets for fish produc-
tion in El Salvador.
Preliminary market analysis for fish in El
Salvador.
Presentation of report outline to USAID of-
ficials in El Salvador.
Visit to port of Acajutla. Visit to model fish
pond at Neuva Conception.
Presentation of draft of final report to US-
AID Mission El Salvador.
Depart San Salvador, Republic of El Salva-
dor.
15