INTERNATIONAL CENTER for AQUACULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION AUBURN UNIVERSITY
R. DENNIS ROUSE, Director AUBURN, ALABAMA
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Research and Development Series No. 9 Project A.I.D./csd-2270 T.O. 8
April 1975
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1I 1. 1111t li ININT.I
FISHIEili-S I'TIICA tSiIONS
XI kN(I)\I i.x i I I I
55 COVER: Tilapia hybrids being netted from a
production pond on the Pentecoste Aquacul-
ture Research Center. Annual crops of 4,000
to 5,000 kilograms per hectare coni be raised
S s by farmers using a simple fertilization ond
Is 7P"~'feeding program. UPPER LEFT: These Tilapia
grew from 60 grams to 340 grams overage
size in 180 day growing period. With rice
bran fed doily at 3 percent of total fish
weight, feed conversion was 2.8 pounds per
1 pound of fish produced. CENTER LEFT:
Aerial view of Pentecoste Aquaculture Re-
search Station. When completed in 1976,
there will be a total of 160 earthen ponds
with 16.1 hectares of water surface. LOWER
4 LEFT. Examining a freshwater prawn are Dr.
Leonard Lovshin (left), Auburn University's res-
ident staff member and leader of the Coop-
erative Brazil Aquoculture Project, and Sr.
Fernondo Melo, Brazilian biologist.
Atbi Ci(riyi n(qa
Progress Report on Fisheries Development
in Northeast Brazil
LEONARD 
LOVSHIN*
INTRODUCTION
S INCE 1966, the Auburn University International Center for
Aquaculture has been under contract by USAID to aid in
improving the freshwater fisheries resources in Northeast
Brazil. Preliminary survey trips to the semi-arid Northeast
were made in 1966, 1967, and 1968 by Auburn University
personnel at the request of DNOCS
1 
to evaluate methods of
increasing the amount of animal protein from fish that could
be made available to the population of the area. These sur-
vey trips resulted in the recommendation that pond and lab-
oratory facilities be constructed and a research program estab-
lished to determine the potential of intensive fish culture in
the Northeast. A site for the research center was chosen in
Pentecoste, Ceara, and construction of ponds was begun in
early 1969. USAID entered into an agreement with DNOCS
and SUDENE
2 
to provide financial and technical support to
establish a freshwater research laboratory in Fortaleza, Ceara.
In November 1969, the Auburn University International Cen-
ter for Aquaculture was contracted by USAID to provide
technical assistance in intensive fish culture to DNOCS. Dr.
Norris Jeffery was the technical advisor from November
1969 to November 1971. At the end of this 2-year contract,
DNOCS asked USAID to extend the present contract so that
technical assistance in intensive fish culture could be con-
tinued. Task Order 8 was finalized in March 1972 and the
author began his 2-year tour of duty on June 16, 1972. The
scope of the author's duties was:
1. Assist DNOCS and qualified private organizations and
individuals to program, develop, and implement effective
methods of intensive freshwater pond fish culture in North-
east Brazil.
2. Assist the Center for Ichthyological Research (a sub-
division of DNOCS for the development of freshwater fish-
eries in the Northeast) in the development of its Northeast
fisheries research program by providing technical assistance
in: (a) the design, construction, and operation of research
demonstration facilities specifically designed for intensive
freshwater pond fish culture; (b) the development of fresh-
water fish culture research to determine the most effective
combination of species for commercial fish culture, to perfect
methods of controlling fish diseases and parasites and weeds,
and' to test locally available fish feeds; (c) the training of
local technicians to assist the private sector in establishing
intensive freshwater pond fish culture techniques and opera-
tions; and (d) the development of a DNOCS research facility
to participate in the comprehensive and systematic interna-
tional information exchange system on fish culture techniques.
* Assistant Professor, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aqua-
cultures and International Center for Aquaculture.
'Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas (National
Department of Works Against the Drought).
2 Superintendency for the Development 
of the Northeast.
Past developments in intensive fish culture and reservoir
management, as well as a description of the geography of the
Northeast, can be found in Progress Reports I and II on Fish-
eries Development in Northeast Brazil.3,
4
STATUS OF THE FISHERIES PROJECT
Administration and Personnel
In February 1978, DNOCS made a great advance by creat-
ing a separate Department of Fisheries and Fish Culture.
Before that time the Division of Fisheries was under the con-
trol of the Department of Agronomy. In this situation, top
level policy decisions concerning fisheries were made by men
with little knowledge or understanding of fisheries. As a re-
sult, administrative procedures were often slow and poorly
planned. Leadership in the Department of Fisheries was pro-
vided by the late Dr. Adhemar Braga, who had worked in
the field of fisheries within DNOCS for many years. He had
a firm understanding of fisheries work and the problems that
had to be solved to improve the DNOCS fisheries program.
In the year and a half that Dr. Braga headed the Depart-
ment, vast improvements were made in departmental organi-
zation, departmental communication, morale, and general
status within DNOCS.
The untimely death of Dr. Braga in June 1974 left the
Department of Fisheries leaderless. DNOCS is presently
searching for a successor to Dr. Braga.
With the creation of a Department of Fisheries, a general
reorganization of the fisheries organization was made (chart,
page 4). The new organizational structure incorporates the
Convenio DPAN
5
, which was the result of the original work-
ing agreement between USAID, DNOCS, and SUDENE,
into the Center of Ichthyological Research.
The Center of Ichthyological Research now employs 15
full time biologists and 1 laboratory technician. The biolo-
gists work within the disciplines of fish culture (8), limnology
(8), reservoir management (2), fish taxonomy (1), fish
technology (1), fish economics (1), extension (2), soil and
water chemistry (1), and parasites and diseases of fish (1).
Responsibilities of the center's staff are divided between re-
search ( -time) and teaching ('/4-time). During the author's
2-year tour, the center's research staff has been expanded
from 11 to 15 biologists and a librarian has been added.
a JEFFERY, N. B. 1972. Progress Report on Fisheries Develop-
ment in Northeast Brazil, I. Project AID/csd-2270, Task Order
No. 3, International Center for Aquaculture, Auburn University,
Auburn, Alabama.
'DAVIES, W. D. 1972. Progress Report on Fisheries Develop-
ment in Northeast Brazil. Project AID-2270, Task Order No. 4,
International Center for Aquaculture, Auburn University, Auburn,
Alabama.
SDesenvolvimento da Pesca nos Acudes do Nordeste Brasileiro
(Development of Reservoir Fishing in Northeast Brazil).
Administrative Service
I
Materials and Equipment
Section
Administrative plan for development of fisheries and fish culture.
Eight of the center's resident biologists were trained or are
receiving training in their specialities in the United States.
Financial Inputs
Table 1 shows the financial inputs of the host country
agencies involved in the project. As the abilities and outputs
of the research center have increased, so have the financial
inputs of the Brazilian governmental agencies. This increase
in financial support has allowed the research center to con-
tinue expanding its facilities, thereby greatly increasing its
ability to conduct meaningful research and to transmit knowl-
edge of results to both the public and the private sector of
Brazil.
TABLE 1. FUNDS PROVIDED BY GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL FOR
CONVENIO USAID/DNOCS/SUDENE, 1967-74
Year DNOCS 
SUBIN
2 
SUDENE
3  
Total DPt. 
toC
Cr$ Cr$ Cr$ Cr$ Pct.
1967 ------ 50,000 204,000 254,000 19.7
1968 ------- 100,000 200,000 300,000 33.3
1969 ------ 100,000 200,000 300,000 33.83
($ 75,000 US)
1970 ------ 121,000 200,000 321,000 37.7
($ 71,333 US)
1971 ------- 200,000 200,000 400,000 50.0
($ 80,000 US)
1972 ------ 220,000 200,000 200,000 620,000 35.5
($112,727 US)
1973 800,000 225,000 1,125,000 71.1
($187,500 US)
1974 ------- 487,000 200,000 425,000 1,112,000 43.8
($158,857 US)
2 Departamento Nacional de Obras contra as Secas.
SSecretaria de Cooperacao Economica e Tecnicea International.
SSuperintendencia do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste.
Aquaculture Service
I) Fishculture research
2) Extension
Laboratory and Research Facilities
Headquarters of the Center of Ichthyological Research are
located in Fortaleza, Ceara. Two houses have been converted
into laboratory and office areas. These two buildings have
recently been remodeled and painted, which greatly improved
their appearance. The laboratory, while small in area, is
equipped for a wide range of chemical and physical water
analyses and standard analyses for content of fish feeds and
flesh. A fisheries library is also located at the center's head-
quarters.
Pond research facilities are located in Pentecoste, Ceara,
100 kilometers west of Fortaleza. The present intensive fish-
culture research facility contains 56 earthern ponds ranging
in size from 0.035 to 0.5 hectare. Also located at the site
are 10 concrete sided, earthern bottom tanks (30-square-
meter size) used for fish spawning, raising of larval fishes
and shrimps, and for experimental purposes. Other facilities
include a building containing equipment and net storage
area, office space, laboratory, wet laboratory, and eight
4-square-meter concrete holding tanks. The laboratory is
equipped to do routine water quality analyses and limnologi-
cal studies. The wet laboratory contains eight 500-liter ce-
ment-fiber tanks with separate inlets and drains, aquariums,
and air compressors for providing aeration to the tanks and
aquariums. Located alongside the main building is a feed
house that contains a small machine for pelleting experi-
mental rations, scales for accurately weighing rations, and a
storage area for feeds and basic feed ingredients.
The first phase of a companion research station located
below the Pentecoste reservoir dam is nearing completion.
Construction of 48 small earthern ponds (0.04-hectare size)
with related water inlets and drains will be completed in
February 1975. Already in use are three ponds with natural
basins ranging in size from 0.5 to 0.7 hectare, which were
constructed by closing off natural depressions with earthen
dams. Water for this station will be supplied by gravity from
Pereira de Miranda reservoir in Pentecoste. Operation of
these two research facilities, located 5 kilometers apart, will
be coordinated by the Center of Ichthyological Research.
The Pentecoste intensive fish culture research station is
now the largest freshwater research station of its kind in
Latin America. With the completion of the 48 new ponds,
it will have a total of 107 earthen ponds ranging in size from
0.035 to 0.8 hectare. Total area at water level will be ap-
proximately 8.5 hectare.
Located on the shore of Pereira de Miranda reservoir is a
large modem boat house that houses boats, outboard motors,
gill nets, and related equipment for reservoir studies. The
Center of Ichthyological Research also maintains a garage,
machine and carpentry shop, and storage areas in Pentecoste.
At the disposal of the research center are a DNOCS run hotel
that provides meals and lodging and a classroom for instruc-
tion.
AQUACULTURAL RESEARCH
A program of aquacultural research has been in progress
the last 2 years. This work has been directed towards eval-
uating Brazilian fishes for culture potential and developing
culture systems for use in DNOCS irrigation projects and by
private farmers. Exotic species with known culture potential
have also been investigated.
Brazilian species of fish and shrimps with known market
value and consumer acceptance were transported to Pente-
coste from local bodies of water, the Sao Francisco River,
and the Amazon River Basin to determine their rate of
growth, production potentials, resistance to adverse environ-
mental conditions and handling, acceptance of and efficiency
in utilizing pelleted feeds, and ability to reproduce in ponds.
Water Quality
Water entering the research station's ponds has a pH of
7.7 to 8.3 and a total alkalinity of 100-150 p.p.m. Surface
water temperatures range between 220 and 351C. Water is
delivered through an open irrigation canal from General
Sampaio reservoir 35 kilometers from the station.
Fisheries Research
SABALO (Brycon sp.). Sabalo were received in a shipment
of fish from the Amazon Basin in Peru. The fish were stocked
in a 0.04-hectare earthen pond at the rate of 8,150 per hec-
tare. Their average weight at stocking was 3 grams. After 9
months of growth, during which time fertilizer and a low-
protein pelleted ration were added, the experiment was term-
inated. Production was 620 kilograms per hectare; average
weight per fish was 84 grams. The growth rate of sabalo
was considered slow even in view of the high density at
which it was stocked. The fish readily accepted a pelleted
ration. It handled well, but was difficult to seine as it
readily jumped to avoid the net. The fish when eaten were
found to contain large numbers of small intermuscular bones.
It is not yet known if sabalo will spawn in ponds. Further
studies with this fish have been deferred to concentrate on
finding a more promising species for culture.
MANDI CHORAO (Pimelodella brasiliensis). Fry of this
species were transported from the Sao Francisco River and
stocked into four 0.035-hectare earthern ponds at the rate
of 4,200 fish per hectare. Average size of mandi at stocking
was 22 grams. The ponds were fertilized with triple super-
phosphate and organic manure and the fish were fed a low-
protein pelleted ration at.3 percent of their body weight per
day. After 286 days, the ponds were drained. Average pro-
duction was 314 kilograms per hectare with an average
weight per fish of 100 grams. Mandi fed well on the pel-
leted ration and proved to be an excellent tasting fish with
few bones. Fish of this species were able to withstand nor-
mal handling, but they have sharp spines which make their
handling difficult. It is not known if mandi can reproduce
in ponds. Because of slow growth and low production per
hectare, testing of mandi has been suspended until some
other species have been investigated.
TAMBAQUI (Colossoma bidens). A shipment of 74 tam-
baqui from waters of the Amazon Basin near Iquitos, Peru,
was stocked into a 0.085-hectare earthen pond on January
21, 1972. These characids had an average weight of 6 grams
and were stocked at 2,077 per hectare. The pond was fer-
tilized twice during the first 6 months with 16 kilograms of
cow manure (448 kilograms per hectare) and four times in
TABLE 2. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF TAMBAQUI
(Colossoma bidens) RAISED IN AN EARTHEN POND
Result
Performance measure
Per pond Per ha
Total yield 89.6 kg 2,509.0 kg
Net gain 89.2 kg 2,495.0 kg
Average weight at stocking 6.0 g
Average weight at harvest 1,245.0 g
Conversion 3.07
Average weight gain per day 8.0 g
Survival 100%
the same period with 600 grams of triple superphosphate
(16.8 kilograms per hectare). Later fertilization was un-
necessary since fertility was sustained by the addition of feed
only.
The fish were initially fed a pelleted ration 6 days a week
at 3 percent of the weight of the standing crop of fish in the
pond. 'The feeding rate was adjusted monthly following
sampling of the fish population by seining. Tambaqui were
fed half their allotted daily ration in the early morning and
half in late afternoon. Poor water quality developed in the
latter part of the experiment, necessitating a reduction in the
feeding rate. The ration contained 29.1 percent protein, of
which 8 percent was of animal origin. Fish meal made up
3.5 percent of the animal protein. The experiment was term-
inated after 405 days. Table 2 summarizes the results.
Tambaqui adapted well to the alkaline waters of the
Pentecoste research station. They accepted a pelleted ration,
were tolerant of low dissolved oxygen and handling, and
were easily captured with a seine.
An attempt was made to spawn Tambaqui that had reached
sexual maturity in a captive environment at 41/2 years of age.
The fish were injected with pituitaries taken from curimata
comum, Prochilodus cearensis. Eggs were obtained from one
female, but fertilization was not accomplished because sperm
from male fish were not available.
PIRAPITINGA (Mylossoma bidens). A shipment of 94
pirapitinga from waters of the Amazon Basin near Iquitos,
Peru, was stocked into a 0.035-hectare earthen pond on Jan-
uary 21, 1972. These characids were stocked at 2,632 per
hectare at an average weight of 9 grams. The pond was
fertilized twice during the first 6 months with 16 kilograms
of cow manure (448 kilograms per hectare) and four times
in the same period with 600 grams of triple superphosphate
(16.8 kilograms per hectare). After 6 months of enrichment,
additional fertilization was unnecessary.
The fish were fed a pelleted ration 6 days a week at the
rate of 3 percent of weight of the standing crop of fish in
the pond until poor water quality necessitated a reduction
in feeding rate. This rate was adjusted monthly following
sampling of the fish population by seining. The allotted daily
ration was fed in equal feedings in early morning and late
afternoon. The ration contained 29.1 percent protein, of
which 8 percent was animal protein. Fish meal made up
3.5 percent of the animal protein. The experiment was term-
inated at 405 days. Results are summarized in Table 3.
TABLE 8. SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF PIRAPITINGA
(Mylossoma bidens) RAISED IN 
AN EARTHEN POND
Performance 
measureResult
Per pond Per ha
Total yield 88.3 kg 2,472.0 kg
Net gain 87.4 kg 2,447.0 kg
Average weight at stocking 9.0 g
Weight of ration fed 295.7 kg 8,280.0 kg
Average weight gain per day 2.4 g
Conversion 3.38 kg
Survival 97%
Pirapitinga reacted favorably to environmental conditions
at the Pentecoste research station, and they accepted a pel-
leted ration, were tolerant of low dissolved oxygen and han-
dling, and were easily captured with a seine. In addition,
they ate a wide range of fruits and vegetables thrown into
the pond.
Pirapitinga reached sexual maturity in the research cen-
ter's ponds in 3 years. Mature males and females were in-
jected with pituitaries taken from the characid, Prochilodus
cearensis. The spawn from one female was mixed with the
sperm of several males and the fertilized eggs developed to
the 32-cell stage before total mortality occurred.
More detailed information concerning tambaqui and pi-
rapitinga can be found in a publication by Lovshin, de Silva,
Fernandes, and Carneiro-Sobrinho (1974).
MIRROR CARP (Cyprinus carpio). Preliminary work was
begun using the widely cultured mirror carp, a fish originally
from Germany that has been cultured in Brazil for many
years. The carp were fed 6 days a week with a ration of
rice bran at 3 percent of the weight of the standing crop of
fish. Experimental ponds were fertilized weekly with the
equivalent of 1,400 kilograms per hectare of cow manure
for 5 months. Preliminary results show a total production
of 812 kilograms per hectare in 245 days when carp were
stocked at 2,240 per hectare at an average weight of 16
grams, which is not considered satisfactory for mirror carp.
It is thought possible that many years of inbreeding of this
strain of carp has caused a regression in growth character-
istics. It is recommended that a faster growing strain of
mirror carp (Israeli strain) be introduced if work with carp
is to be continued. A diet more nutritious than rice bran
should also be tried.
While the present strain of mirror carp in Brazil may not
be a fast grower, it is easily spawned at least twice a year
using common methods reported in the literature. Water
hyacinth roots and artificial mats have both been satisfactory
as receptacles for the adhesive eggs.
TILAPIA sp. Tilapias are presently being raised in most
tropical countries in the world. They are a good culture fish
in tropical areas where animal protein sources are limited
since they produce high yields on a wide range of agricul-
tural waste products and organic manures with intensive
culture. Despite many advantages, Tilapia have the disad-
vantage of reproducing heavily, which results in over-popu-
lating the pond. The large number of small individuals pro-
duced are undesirable for commercialization. This disadvan-
tage was demonstrated by the following experiments:
When stocked at the rate of 5,000 per hectare in ponds
fertilized with cow manure and fed a ration of 50 percent
wheat bran and 50 percent castor bean meal, Tilapia nilotica
grew to a total weight of 8,680 kilograms per hectare in 238
days. Only 5.3 percent of the fish exceeded 75 grams, which
is considered the minimum commercial size.
In an attempt to correct overpopulation by Tilapia, a
commonly available predator, pescada do piaui (Plagioscion
squamosissimus), was stocked with T. nilotica.
Tilapia were stocked at the rate of 5,000 per hectare in
ponds that had been fertilized with cow manure. Pescada
do piaui were added at the rate of 2,000 per hectare. The
ponds were fed a ration of 50 percent wheat bran and 50
percent castor bean meal. After 
238 days, average total pro-
duction of Tilapia for all ponds was 2,114 kilograms per hec-
tare and 70.7 percent were of commercial size. Results of
this experiment are reported in Table 4. The combination
of Tilapia and pescada was not considered highly desirable;
although the percentage of commercial size Tilapia was in-
creased 65 percent in this experiment, total Tilapia produc-
tion was reduced by 1,566 kilograms per hectare. Further
trials with Tilapia in combination with other locally available
predators are indicated.
An experiment to test the economics of raising T. nilotica
in association with pigs was completed. An earthen pond of
3,800 square meters was stocked at the rate of 10,000 per
hectare with fingerlings averaging 13 grams each. This pond
had a pig sty located on its margin, surrounded by a corral
which allowed the pigs to enter the water and still be con-
fined. The pig sty was 36 square meters, with a cement floor,
wood sides, and palm frond roof. Twenty-three pigs with
an average weight of 17.9 kilograms were placed in the
sty and fed a simple ration at 5 percent of their body weight
per day. Waste feed and pig waste products were washed
into the pond daily. The pond received no other fertiliza-
tion. After 150 days the pigs, which averaged 55.7 kilo-
grams, were sold and the pond was drained. Total produc-
tion of Tilapia was 1,902 kilograms per hectare, of which
TABLE 4. PERFORMANCE OF Tilapia nilotica STOCKED WITH PREDATOR PESCADA DO PIAUI (Plagioscion squamosissimus)
Result, by treatment
Performance measure 
T. nilotica + predator'
-  
T. nilotica alone
2
38 ponds, 41 ponds, 39 ponds, 40 ponds,
342-m
2  
271-m
2  
320-m
2  
316-m'
Total production, kg/ pond
T ilapia------------------------------------------- -- 73.3 56.4 113.980 120.0
Pescada.- 6.1 4.6
Total production, kg/ha
Tilapia --- 2,146.8 2,081.5 3,556.1 3,804.0
P escad a --- ---- ---- ------ --- -- --- ------- --- ---- ------ 179.3 168 .0
Net production, kg/ha
T ilapia.......................................-- .. ... 2,049.5 1,988.2 3,462.5 3,702.8
P e sc a d a --- ---- -------- ------------------------------ 4 6 .9 3 1 .1..
Av. weight of fish at stocking, g
T ila p ia .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 .0 1 9 .0 1 9 .0 2 0 .0
P e sc a d a -- ------------------------------------------ 6 6 .0 6 9 .0. ...
Av. weight of Pescada at harvest, g 100.0 123.0
Percent survival of pescada 89.7 68.5
Feed conversion of Tilapia -- .--- 4.1 to 1 4.8 to 1 2.4 to 1 2.3 to 1
Weight of useable fish (75 g +), kg/pond 50.8 40.8 6.4 6.0
Percentage of useable Tilapia- 69.0 72.3 5.6 5.0
D ays of experim ent ...... ............................... 238.0 238.0 288.0 238.0
Fertilizer applied, kg/pond ----------------- - 332.9 262.6 305.6 305.6
Feed fed, kg/pond. . . . . 238.5 215.5 269.7 272.2
'T. nilotica, 5,000 per hectare; Pescada do Piaui, 2,000 per hectare.
2 5,000 per hectare.
At value as defined by Swingle (1950).
4,5:3 kilogims ortS(i 2:)., fcivtelt, xx(, of idinmel cial size (75
gramls-) 1(11 toSet sliti fiti (ie( pigs \\ia,,.5.2 :1 aod( fott
thle p)igs atnd fish citobinedl 2.9:1. 'Illte 1,902 kilogrianms per
llietiore pirodutiont of' 1. Iilohti('O. xxitli pig xx aste ttiilx inl 150f
(lax.- comltpill-is f :15 titlthlv xx itl the thteorticeal produtionti of
his sp~ecies (231I9 k ilii ras per' h ect are ill the simi tinitt
iti'ix i ls I Ix it li(Ntttre p~olnd iii whIich 1'. iiiittit'u ,i eu
tllred il association wxith pigs is tabiilatedf iii Tale 5.
1ioi (11 111 il in ion ales xx 119et itosxed xxitlt 1. iiuur le-
midles to piroduice It)0 perent ittle offispinlg. The cuilturte
potential (if 10t0 pereei t male fix inds xxa tuxtdied cill :355
(ia e-tcer-x IA ca ithlet pondsf . TIhi explerim en t iiieli I f ed
ttree lex(lx iif' piodiietixitx, eaeli \xtli txxo irates of xtotekiing
replicatedf three timtes illit acatoriai (lesigit. cxixof' pro-i
duetixit Ix xxi: ) ot galie l'ettill/el, (2) feeding~r atil (:3)
xvitaouilt [eedsl or fertiliz er (cti ito ) . Stock iii g rate exreI
.5,600) finigerings pet liectie iiid 8,96(1 per heetate, eat
late befog~ stocked inl iite pwoiifx. 'Ihe( poutts that I eeeixed
gIafilil toiiiire xx e11e tertilizecl onlce at xxeek xx itfi :3)) kilo-
gTi alitx ( 84)) k iiogi antx per hiectare) of' cat tie Ittal ilt . Pt i lix
that xx ti fedf r eceived at tatiuiii of .50) perent xxhieat chtaff ioid
TAttLE 5. PlIEIMi NR Eiie xixL0t\0%11i 0, 15 1 P11.
5 
HxisFi iN
.Assttlxi (iN xxiii Iilapia toli/e/io\u PIATEix xl x xiNI I
FAxitxS IN CFABli, 1IEixTi FISH POtNt) xxIII[
IS) L)ex -)i xl\sii. Pt moo)'
1INs estlitelits
Feetd stol I ge fuses(
Pir_ sties 97- n
TIotill
Costs
Fixed:
Akinotizt ti it it
6)) pigs xx egftitgl 1,0)74 kg (alt Ci 8 :3.2.5/kg)
V ariables:
Fee d (11,46)) kg- att Ci- 8 ))32/kg)
F eitilt 'ti
Witter s o xox i tii
I ItI x est tt' o \hk -wfi -----
\ I 11 e it t Ci o1------
Totail
Gross In1ciiiii
6)) pigzs (lix tI eigh ing.L :3,:342 kg, (it
CiS :3.70,/k,,
Side ttf 458 kg- o ish oiftt conirerc-iitl x ti iot
CrS 3.5)/k, andI eteb xx tighitiig more
than 75 g
Sale itt 1A 411 kg, of fish tot Ilti oioti itI
x alite att Cr8 1.0)) kI xx ith eatch x igit
less tfiatt 75)
Total--
Net fiwnett (proifit)
Atllottlit
.500.)))
:300.00)
150).00)
Cr8 22J125.00)
Cr8S :321.0
885.))
;3,490).50
Ct8' 4,666 .5))
Cr8S 
.3,6(7.2tt
65.)))
20,))0
1(6.00)
80).00)
100).00)
Cr8 5,0)48.2))
Cr8 - 12,365.40)
I .6tt:3 tt
1,444.00)
Cr8 15,412.1))
Cr8'567.7)
(U. S. 8 949.61)
'Att,kzlx bvi fx(ilitt Roi_tw gs ir, Economtist, (eitrlo tdu
When two species of Tilopoa ore crossed fmale T. hornorum at top and
femole T. ,,idoiica at bottom , younD fish produced ore all moles (center).
5)) peci it citxtttt beai mteid, appliedl 6 clix 's a xxeek A 3pr
lelt tof thet xx (igit of the statd~ t crttg~ op of fish. The raitioni
cotanieli atppimtN nately 2.5 pet eei it prt iii. Pon ds thalit wvere
xtocekecd at thle samne raite xxer e fed[ (Piall v eatch received
half of' tlte dtla l tlotment inl eat ix mtitililt andc hllf, ill thle
late Aterttimi. The itmtaxirrt i rittea of teedin g xx as 5(0.6( kiloi-
gri~tttx pet Itectitie per clay lor t aI ntitti period, inl p)onds
stttckel it the~ rate tot 8.96)) ftsht pcr iec-tatre.
At iix six of' x a tat ice showxxed it si gilifican t clifiere nee (01.0t5
level )ill tot al fisht prodclltioni bclt xtcii the txxo rates of
Stoekitig attiII it highly sigtiicaud tllfflewice (0.t1 level) be-
txx i teitItne its. 'rits, igelr fish prodluctionI resullted
ft ot t high r ate tof stoekitig xxitht the ulse (If feeds. A s1111-
illitortttiitiotl ott the pi llctiltl of itt ilapia ltvh iths husing or-
, ilei f i tii.et , 
cltemteai tetflhiz,'e 
iil t Coll lil lttioll 
of 01'
(altic tfertilizer atitc leecltig (itit1]( ita I x earl groxwing period.
Ai r: lidatilt Iesigi \it x sledl xxitlt i tre treatltlis relicated
tx~vicc'. All Pt' Ils xxete stoceked xx itht 8,960) fintgerlings pecr lice-
talre. 'lTe twxot pot tcl tha~t nlceixecl 0rgan IC felt iIizer oinly
xxe fetrtiltid wxithi cowx inimtttl itt the rlte oif 1,4)0) kilo-
grfitnts pet ftectitt t per xxelk. 'I'he txx fptitls thiat xwere
triitecl xxitht clIiliiea fertilizer r eceixedl 28 kilogl urns Per
hort: t e ot trip le. slipet ph o p
1 
tte utti ciit equl atliotlnt of
:tlttttoiiln sit
1
fate ex erx 2 wxeeks. 't'lte, fertilizer xxas applied
TABLE 6. PERFORMANCE OF MALE HYBRID Tilapia AT Two STOCKING RATES AND THREE TREATMENTS
Result, by stocking rate and treatment
Performance measure Stocking level, 5,600 per hectare Stocking level, 8,960 per hectare
Control Organic fert. Feed Control Organic fert. Feed
Total production
Kg/pond- - 11.8 28.7 35.0 9.9 36.3 63.5
Kg/ha-.... 330.0 804.0 980.0 277.0 1,016.0 1,778.0
Net production
Kg/pond - 10.3 27.3 33.6 6.4 33.1 60.0
Kg/ha 288.0 764.0 941.0 179.0 927.0 1,680.0
Av. weight of fish
At stocking, g 7.4 7.4 7.1 8.0 7.3 7.2
At harvest, g 58.0 166.0 185.0 36.0 148.0 229.0
Percent survival 83.3 86.5 94.0 87.3 90.1 86.4
Fertilizer applied
Kg/ha - 990.0 990.0
Kg/pond .... 27,720.0 27,720.0
Feed fed
Kg/pond 91.3 163.5
Kg/ha ..- 2,556.0 4,578.0
Feed conversion ........ 2.7:1 2.7:1
Days of experiment .... 253.0 253.0 253.0 253.0 253.0 253.0
Growth, g/day 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.9
' Treatment results are the averages of three replicates.
by placing both components together in a floating, perforated, Results of the experiment are summarized in Table 7.
plastic pail. The remaining two ponds which received fer- Statistical analysis showed a highly significant difference in
tilizer and feed were fertilized with 1,400 kilograms per yields (0.01 level) between treatments. Total production
hectare per week of cow manure for 9 months. At this time with feeding and fertilization was 163 percent more than
fertilization was stopped because feeding alone maintained with chemical fertilization only and 264 percent more than
the water fertility at a high level. The ponds were fed a with organic fertilization only. The maximum daily feeding
ration of 50 percent wheat chaff and 50 percent castor bean rate was 122.4 kilograms per hectare, which was sustained
meal in the early morning and late afternoon. Fish were fed for a 2-month period. No fish mortality occurred.
3 percent of their body weight, 6 days a week. Fertilization It was hypothesized that higher fish production could be
of all ponds that were to receive either organic or inorganic obtained by raising Tilapia hybrids and mirror carp (Cyprinus
fertilizer was begun 2 weeks prior to stocking to increase carpio) together than by raising either species alone. To
the available natural food supply when the fry were intro- test this hypothesis, an experiment was begun which utilized
duced. a random design of three treatments, each replicated three
TABLE 7. PERFORMANCE OF Tilapia HYBRIDS AT ONE LEVEL OF STOCKING AND THREE TREATMENTS
Result by treatment
Performance measure Organic (cow) manure Chemical fertilizer Manure + feeding
22 ponds 24 ponds Average 21 ponds 26 ponds Average 23 ponds 25 ponds Average
Stocking rate/ha .......... ------ 8,960 8,960 8,960 8,960 8,960 8,960
Av. weight
At stocking, g ---------------- 20.0 21.0 21.5 22.0 22.0 22.0 
200 20.0 20.0
At harvest, g -------------- 164.0 144.0 154.0 226.0 203.0 215.0 616.0 514.0 
565.0
Total production
Kg/pond ...................... 52.2 43.6 47.9 68.4 64.3 66.3 187.8 
161.0 174.0
Kg/ha .....------ 1,462.0 1,221.0 1,341.0 1,915.0 1,800.0 1,856.0 5,258.0 4,508.0 
4,883.0
Net production
Kg/pond ----------- --- -- . 45.7 37.0 41.4 61.3 57.3 59.3 181.8 154.6 170.0
Kg/ha .-------------------- 1,280.0 1,036.0 1,159.0 1,716.0 1,604.0 1,660.0 5,076.0 4,329.0 4,760.0
Feed
Kg/pond 617.2 617.2 617.2
Kg/ha 17,282.0 17,282.0 17,282.0
Organic manure
Kg/pond 2,050.0 2,050.0 2,050.0 1,680.0 1,680.0 1,680.0
Kg/ha . .. 57,400.0 57,400.0 57,400.0 47,040.0 47,040.0 47,040.0
Chemical fertilizer
Ammonium sulfate
Kg/pond 62.0 62.0 62.0
Kg/ha 1,736.0 1,736.0 1,736.0
Triple superphosphate
Kg/pond 63.0 63.0 63.0
Kg/ha _ 1,764.0 1,764.0 1,764.0
Feed conversion -. 3.4 3.8 3.6
Survival, pct. 100.0 94.0 97.0 95.0 99.0 97.0 95.0 98.0 97.0
Days of experiment 356.0 356.0 356.0 356.0 356.0 356.0
Growth, g/day - 0.40 0.30 0.35 0.60 0.50 0.65 1.70 1.40 1.55
times. Mirror carp were stocked in three ponds at the rate
of 2,240 per hectare. Tilapia hybrids were stocked in three
ponds at the rate of 8,960 per hectare, and Tilapia hybrids
and mirror carp were stocked in three ponds at the rate of
8,960 and 1,400 per hectare, respectively. All ponds were
fertilized with 5,600 kilograms per hectare of cow manure
1 week before fish were stocked to ensure an initial natural
food supply. All ponds received additional applications of
cow manure at the rate of 1,400 kilograms per hectare
weekly for 5 months. Fertilization was then stopped because
of the high level of pond fertility. All ponds received a
ration of rice polishings containing 14 percent protein. Ponds
with mirror carp only were fed 3 percent of their body
weight; those containing Tilapia hybrids only and Tilapia
hybrids plus mirror carp were fed 3 percent of the body
weight of only the hybrids. All of the ponds were fed once
a day in the late afternoon, 6 days a week. The maximum
feeding rate per day with carp only was 22.4 kilograms per
hectare, Tilapia hybrids and carp together 60.2 kilograms,
and with Tilapia hybrids only 72.5 kilograms per hectare.
A summary of results of this test are given in Table 8.
Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference (0.05
level) in total production of commercial size fish between
treatments with Tilapia hybrids only and Tilapia hybrids and
carp combined. Both treatments had highly significant dif-
ferences (0.01 level) when compared with the carp only
treatment. While there was no significant difference in total
production between the two treatments using hybrids, there
TABLE 8. PERFORMANCE OF Tilapia HYBRIDS AND MIRROR CARP
CULTURED SEPARATELY AND IN MIXED CULTURE'
Result, by treatment'
Performance measure Mirror Tilapia Ca Tiia
carp hybrid combined'
alone alone
Production-commercial size fish
Kg/p ond .------------------..... 29.0 107.8 105.9
Kg/ha 812.0 3,018.4 2,965.2
Production-small Tilapia
Kg/pond .3--------------.4.8 21.5
Kg/ha 974.4 602.0
Total production
Kg/pond 29.2 142.6 127.4
Kg/ha 812.0 3,992.8 3,567.2
Av. weight
At harvest, g 379.0 353.0 361.0 285.0
At stocking, g ---------------- 16.0 45.0 18.0 45.0
Feed fed
Kg/pond 62.7 440.6 295.1
Kg/ha - 1,756.0 12,337.0 8,263.0
Feed conversion
Harvestable fish ....... 2.8:1 4.8:1 3.2:1
Harvestable + small
fish.. 2.3:1 3.8:1 2.6:1
Cow manure
Kg/pond 1,150.0 1,150.0 1,150.0
Kg/ha 32,200.0 32,200.0 32,200.0
Survival, pct. 96 96 95 95
Days of experiment 245 245 245.0
Growth, g/day 1.45 1.26 1.40 1.00
' Treatment results are averages of three replications (ponds),
except the treatment with the mirror carp alone is the average of
two replicates because of mortality in one pond.
2 Stocking rates: mirror carp alone, 2,240 per hectare; Tilapia
hybrid alone, 8,960 per hectare; combined, 1,785 carp and 8,960
Tilapia hybrids per hectare.
' Combined treatment data are given by species for average
weight at harvest and at stocking, survival, and daily growth:
carp at left in column and Tilapia at right.
were differences between hybrids alone 
and hybrid-carp
combinations. The combination produced 105.9 kilograms
of marketable hybrids and carp on 
295.1 kilograms of feed,
whereas with hybrids alone production was 107.9 
kilograms
of marketable hybrids on 440.6 kilograms of feed. Thus,
82 percent less feed was needed to raise an equal 
weight of
hybrids and carps together than to raise 
hybrids alone. Re-
production was found in all but one pond 
containing Tilapia
hybrids. Weight of the reproduction ranged 
between 14.6
and 46.1 kilograms per pond.
Several fish culturists have shown that Tilapia 
hybrids grow
faster than either parent species. However, no reports 
have
compared growth of the hybrids with male T. nilotica which
grow much faster than the female T. nilotica. To test the
hypothesis that Tilapia hybrids grow faster than male T.
nilotica, an experiment was planned utilizing a random design
with three treatments, each replicated twice. Tilapia 
hybrids
and male T. nilotica were each stocked in two ponds at
10,000 per hectare and Tilapia hybrids and T. nilotica were
stocked together in two ponds at 5,000 per hectare each. All
treatments received 224 kilograms per hectare of 
triple
superphosphate and 224 kilograms per hectare of 
ammon-
ium sulfate in four applications over the 2-week period prior
to stocking Tilapias. After they were stocked, all ponds re-
ceived 56 kilograms per hectare of each chemical fertilizer
approximately every 2 weeks. The fertilizers were applied
by placing them in floating, perforated, plastic pails. All
treatments were fed an equal amount of rice polishings (14
percent protein) 6 days a week in late afternoon, at the daily
rate of 3 percent of their body weight. The maximum daily
feeding rate was 84 kilograms per hectare, which was fed
for 1 month.
Results of this experiment are summarized in Table 9.
Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences (0.05
TABLE 9. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN MALE Tilapia
nilotica AND Tilapia HYBRIDS UNDER INTENSIVE CULTURE'
Result, by treatment'
Performance 
measure 
Male T. Tilapia 
Combined
nilotica hybrid Tilapia T.
alone alone hybrid nilotica
Av. weight
At harvest, g 299.0 340.0 346.0 296.0
At stocking, g- 63.0 60.0 64.0 65.0
Av. growth, g 236.0 280.0 282.0 231.0
Total production
Kg/pond 101.4 116.0 106.4
Kg/ha -- 2,839.0 3,248.0 2,979.0
Feed
Kg/pond 258.9 258.9 258.9
Kg/ha - 7,249.0 7,249.0 7,249.0
Feed conversion 3.4 2.8 3.2
Fertilizer
Kg/pond 24.0 24.0 24.0
Kg/ha 672.0 672.0 672.0
Triple superphosphate
Kg/pond 24.0 24.0 24.0
Kg/ha 672.0 672.0 672.0
Survival, pet. 96.5 97.5 94.0
Days of experiment - 180.0 180.0 180.0
Growth, g/day 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.3
'Treatment results are averages of two replications.
2Stocking rate: male T. nilotica or Tilapia hybrids alone, 10,-
000 per hectare; combined males and hybrids, 5,000 each per
hectare.
level) in average net growth of Tilapia hybrids and male
T. nilotica. Also, statistical analysis of total production of the
two treatments showed no significant difference (0.05 level)
between the two fish. In this experiment, therefore, Tilapia
hybrids did not grow significantly faster than T. nilotica
males.
All-male Tilapia hybrids are an excellent culture fish for
use in developing tropical areas. Yields of 4,000 to 5,000
kilograms per hectare per year of hybrids can be raised by
farmers with little technical understanding of fish culture if
simple feeding and fertilizing instructions are followed. Ti-
lapia hybrids are highly tolerant of poor water quality and
resistant to diseases, which reduces problems in culturing
them. The hybrids will accept and grow well on a wide range
of organic manures and agricultural waste products to keep
cost of production low. More detailed information concern-
ing methods of Tilapia hybrid fry production and culture
can be found in a publication by Lovshin, da Silva, and
Fernandes (1974).
In May 1974, the research ponds and buildings were
flooded when unusually heavy rains caused the river Curu
to overflow. While causing little damage to the ponds and
laboratory, the flooding did cause the loss of large numbers
of fingerling Tilapia hybrids. Further experiments were de-
layed several months until replacement fingerlings could be
produced.
PARTICIPANT TRAINING
Two DNOCS biologists are presently studying for M.S.
degrees in fisheries at Auburn University. Joaquim Figueiredo
is specializing in fish parasites and diseases and Afonso Men-
des Augusto is specializing in limnology. A third participant,
Cincinato Paiva, is participating in a 1-year special Auburn
course of study specializing in fish nutrition. Joao de Oliveira
Chacon received a 45-day special training course in fish
taxonomy, also at Auburn University.
At present, participant training is a weak point in an other-
wise strong program. The difficulty lies in finding partici-
pants who have the desire and English language ability to
study in the U.S. DNOCS realizes the importance of ad-
vanced training in the United States but is unable to hire
new biologists because of upper level governmental restric-
tions on direct hiring of new personnel. This greatly limits
the number of people available for such training. DNOCS
biologists who have received special training in the United
States are listed in Table 10.
SHORT-TERM TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
With the aid of Auburn University, three short-term visits
were made by fishery personnel to aid the project in specific
areas of interest. Dr. Wilmer Rogers, fish parasitologist, and
Dr. Thomas Lovell, fish nutritionist, of Auburn's Department
of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, spent November 20-27,
1973, working with DNOCS biologists in their fields of in-
terest as well as evaluating the project for Auburn University
and giving timely suggestions for improving research efforts.
Dr. Jack Greenfield, regional fishery economist with the
National Marine Fisheries Service, spent November 20-De-
cember 2, 1973, working with Mr. John Jensen and the
DNOCS fisheries economist. His efforts were directed
towards evaluating the economic and business potertial of
commercial fish culture in Ceara and aiding in planning a
program that the DNOCS economist can follow to further
evaluate this potential. Results of this study will be pub-
lished and distributed in the near future.
All three visiting advisors presented lectures to fishery
students and DNOCS biologists at the University of Ceara
in their specific fields of interest.
TRIP TO JAPAN AND PHILIPPINES
The author and two Brazilian biologists who work for
DNOCS, Osmar Fontenele and Jos4 William Bezerra e Silva,
attended the worldwide FAO Technical Conference on Fish-
ery Products held December 4-11 in Tokyo, Japan. This
conference dealt with latest developments in fishery products,
handling and preservation, and processing in developed and
developing countries. Sessions were also devoted to tropical
TABLE 10. DNOCS BIOLOGISTS TRAINED IN THE UNITED STATES ON USAID PARTICIPANT TRAINING 
PROGRAM
Present employment
Name 
Dates 
Locale 
Area of study 
Present employment
Employer Position
Amaury B. da Silva Aug. '68- Auburn University Fish 
culture DNOCS Director of Pentecoste
June '69 Research Station
Helio A. Rezende Melo........ Aug. '69- Auburn University Limnology 
DNOCS Director of Limnology
July '70 
Research
Odilo F. Dourado Aug. '69- Auburn University Fishery biology DNOCS Director of 
Reservoir Mgt.
July '70 
Program
Joaquim Figueiredo - June '73- Auburn University 
Fishery biology (M.S.) DNOCS In U.S. studying
Afonso Augusto June '73- Auburn University 
Limnology (M.S.) DNOCS In U.S. studying
Jarbas Studart Gurgel.. Mar. '71- Kansas State University Fish nutrition DNOCS 
Administrator of Freshwater
Dec. '71 University of Seattle Fish technology 
Fisheries in the Northeast
Jose Rogerio Travares Aug. '68- University of Seattle Fish technology 
University Assistant Professor-
July '69 of Ceara Chemistry
Jose Valdo Freitas - Aug. '68- University of Seattle Fish technology 
DNOCS Director of Fish Technology
July '69 Program
Cincinato Paiva Jan. '74- Auburn University Fish nutrition 
DNOCS In U.S. studying
Joao O. Chacon. Oct. '73- Auburn University Fish taxonomy 
DNOCS Fish taxonomy
Nov. '73
5 DNOCS Biologists------- 45 days 
Visited various state DNOCS
and federal fisheries
institutions
10
fish and aquaculture, product development, marketing, train-
ing of fishery technologists, and international cooperation.
The conference provided an excellent opportunity to view
some of Japan's large and modern fishery industries, make
contacts with fishery workers from nations around the world,
and gain insight into the coordination and administration of
an international conference.
After the FAO conference, the three participants flew to
Manila, Philippines, to visit the USAID/Auburn University
fisheries technical assistance project. Guided by Dr. Rudy
Schmittou, Chief-of-Party for the Auburn University team,
they visited the freshwater research stations in Munoz, Nueva
Ecija, the government fishery laboratory and research ponds
in Manila, and a number of private milkfish farms in the
Manila area. The participants were able to observe extensive
commercial fish culture enterprises of types which are almost
nonexistent in Brazil. This was of great value for the Bra-
zilians who had previously seen little fish culture outside of
Brazil, providing a chance for them to see that fish farming
can be an important money-making business.
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR FISH
CULTURE TRAINING
The author firmly believes that DNOCS now has a strong
foundation in facilities, trained personnel, and departmental
organization to establish a much needed training program in
aquaculture. The Department of Fisheries has already re-
ceived numerous inquiries from other Brazilian agencies and
neighboring South American countries to provide technical
assistance and training. DNOCS gave individual training in
fish culture and related disciplines to 15 Brazilian and one
foreign biologist in 1973 and 9 Brazilian biologists in the
first 6 months of 1974.
With the Convenio's facilities and personnel, an interna-
tional program for fish culture training can easily be estab-
lished with the aid of USAID and Auburn University. The
program should be a well organized presentation of specifi-
cally defined subjects. Instead of providing training programs
demanding much time and effort on an individual basis, a
single well organized program could be offered once a year
to interested biologists utilizing DNOCS staff and facilities.
It is clear that the demand for training in fish culture is grow-
ing rapidly in South America. The best source of training is
the DNOCS research station in Pentecoste, which is consid-
ered the best facility of its kind in South America.
FISHERIES PUBLICATIONS
The following publications relating to fish culture and fish
culture extension have been published within the last 2 years
or will be published in the near future.
DA SILVA, CARNEIRO-SOBRINHO, FERNANDES, AND LovsmN.
1973. Observations preliminaires sur l'obention d'hybrides
tous males des especes Tilapia hornorum et Tilapia nilotica.
Notes et Documents sur la Peche et al Pisciculture, Centre
Technique Forestier Tropical Nouvelle Serie 7:1-8.
DA SILVA, CARNEIRO-SOBRINHO, FERNANDES, AND LovSIN.
Ensaio preliminair sobre a criacao consorciada de especie
ictica Tilapia do nilo, Tilapia nilotica (Linnaeus) e suinos
em viveiros. Notes et Documents sur la Peche et la Pisci-
culture, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical. (In print)
DA SILVA, CARNEIRO-SOBRINHO, FERNANDES, AND LovsmN.
Observacoes preliminares sobre a criacao de Tambaqui
(Colossoma bidens). Boletim Tecnico da Superintendencia
do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste. (In print)
DA SILVA, CARNEIRO-SOBRINHO, FERNANDES, AND LOVSmN.
Observacoes preliminares sobre a criacao de Pirapitinga
(Mylossoma bidens). Boletim Tecnico da Superinten-
dencia do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste. (In print)
GREENFIELD, LIRA, AND JENSEN. 1974. Economic Evalua-
tion of Tilapia Hybrid Culture in Northeast Brazil. FAO
Aquaculture Conference for Latin-America, Montevideo,
Uruguay. (In print)
JENSEN, J. W. 1974. Fishculture Activities in the Lower Sao
Francisco River Valley, Brazil. 1974. FAO Aquaculture
Conference for Latin-America, Montevideo, Uruguay. (In
print)
LovsnIN, DA SILVA, FERNANDES, AND CARNEIRO-SOBRINHO.
1974. Preliminary Pond Culture Tests of Pirapitinga (My-
lossoma bidens) and Tambaqui (Colossoma bidens) From
the Amazon River Basin. FAO Aquaculture Conference
for Latin-America, Montevideo, Uruguay. (In print)
LovsHIN, DA SILVA, AND FERNANDES. 1974. The Intensive
Culture of the All Male Hybrid of Tilapia hornorum (male)
x Tilapia nilotica (female) in Northeast Brazil. FAO
Aquaculture Conference for Latin-America, Montevideo,
Uruguay. (In print)
JENSEN, J. W. AND ANTONIO CARNEIRO-SOBRINHO. 1974.
Cartilha do Criador de Peixe. No. 1 Minter/DNOCS,
Diretoria de Pesca e Piscicultura, Centro de Pesquisas
Ictiologicas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author acknowledges the contributions made by
DNOCS fishery biologists Amaury Bezerra da Silva, Antonio
Carneiro-Sobrinho, Jos6 Anderson Fernandes, and Fernando
Rezende de Melo to the fish culture research program. Re-
search summaries presented in this progress report are the
results of work done by the above mentioned Brazilian biolo-
gists and the author. I also extend a big "Thank You" to all
those Brazilians connected with the Ichthyological Research
Center for the friendship and understanding I received in the
past 2 years.
11