Grain Crops and Peanuts Research Report

2008 AU Crops

Research Report No. 35 May 2009 Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Richard Guthrie, Director Auburn University Auburn, Alabama
Printed in cooperation with the Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This publication is a joint contribution of Auburn University, the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, and the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Soil Dynamics Laboratory. Research contained in the AU crops research reports was partially funded through the Alabama Cotton Commission, the Wheat and Feed Grains Committee, the Alabama Soybean Producers, and private industry grants. All donations, including the Alabama Cotton Commission grants and private industry funding, are appreciated.

CONFIDENTIAL REPORT
Publication, display, or distribution of data contained herein should not be made without prior written approval. Mention of a trademark or product does not constitute a guarantee of the product by Auburn University and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products.

This report can be found on the Web at http://www.ag.auburn.edu/aaes/communications/researchreports/08grain_peanutrr.pdf

Information contained herein is available to all persons regardless of race, color, sex, or national origin.

Published by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M and Auburn universities) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. An equal opportunity educator and employer.

CONTENTS
page Editors, Contributors ...........................................................................................................................................................................4

GRAIN CROPS: CROP MANAGEMENT
A New Spin on an Old Crop for Bioenergy: Sorghum – 2008 ...........................................................................................................5

GRAIN CROPS: NEMATODE MANAGEMENT
Efficacy of Counter, Cruiser, and Avicta® on Root-Knot Nematode Management on Corn in Alabama, 2008 .................................6 Efficacy of Experimental Seed Treatments on Root-Knot Nematode on Corn in South Alabama, 2008...........................................7 Efficacy of Experimental Seed Treatments on Root-Knot Nematode Management on Corn in South Alabama, 2008 ....................8 Efficacy of Experimental Seed Treatments on Root-Knot Nematode Management on Corn in Central Alabama, 2008 ................10 Efficacy of Experimental Seed Treatments on Root-Knot Nematode in Corn in Central Alabama, 2008 .......................................11 Efficacy of Counter on Root-Knot Nematode on Corn in Central Alabama, 2008 ..........................................................................13

PEANUTS
Evaluation of Vault and BUPN for Growth Promotion in Peanuts in Coastal Alabama, 2008 ........................................................14 Experimental and Commercial Peanut Treatment Combinations for Peanut Growth Promotion in Coastal Alabama, 2008 ..........15 Peanut Response to Nemout® for Root-Knot Nematode Management in South Alabama, 2008 .....................................................16 Contributors Index ............................................................................................................................................................................17

4

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

EDITORS

K. S. Lawrence Associate Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University

C. D. Monks Professor and Extension Agronomist Agronomy and Soils Auburn University

D. P. Delaney Extension Specialist IV Agronomy and Soils Auburn University

CONTRIBUTORS

J. R. Akridge Director Brewton Agricultural Research Unit Brewton, Alabama F. J. Arriaga Affiliate Assistant Professor Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University USDA-National Soil Dynamics Laboratory K. S. Balkcom Affiliate Assistant Professor Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University USDA-National Soil Dynamics Lab. D. Bransby Professor Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University

J. D. Castillo Graduate Research Assistant Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University J. R. Jones Assistant Director Gulf Coast Research and Extension Center Fairhope, Alabama G. W. Lawrence Entomology and Plant Pathology Mississippi State University K. S. Lawrence Associate Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University

S. Nightengale Director, Plant Breeding Unit E. V. Smith Research Center Tallassee, Alabama R. L. Raper Affiliated Professor Agronomy and Soils, Auburn University USDA-National Soil Dynamics Laboratory A. C. Rocateli Graduate Research Assistant USDA-National Soil Dynamics Laboratory N. S. Sekora Graduate Research Assistant Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University

2008 AU CROPS: GRAIN CROPS AND PEANUTS RESEARCH REPORT

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GRAIN CROPS: CROP MANAGMENT
A NEW SPIN ON AN OLD CROP FOR BIOENERGY: SORGHUM – 2008
A. C. Rocateli, R. L. Raper, F. J. Arriaga, K. Balkcom, and D. Bransby

Seeking alternative and renewable sources of energy is necessary due to oil price fluctuations and environmental concerns. Additionally, over the last several years, agriculture in central and south Alabama has been negatively affected by drought conditions, which have dramatically reduced corn production. For these reasons, sorghum may be a reasonable alternative as an energy crop in this region, because it is drought and nematode resistant. Sorghum could be integrated in a conservation system as part of a crop rotation with typical cash crops (peanuts and cotton), where part of its biomass would be used as soil cover and any additional amount of biomass would be harvested for potential biofuel production. While much emphasis has been placed on perennials for biofuel production, annual crops could provide a major source of biomass for cellulosic ethanol production. These annual crops for bioenergy production have largely been ignored in the southeastern U.S. The types of sorghum evaluated in this study were grain sorghum, high biomass forage sorghum, and a photoperiodsensitive forage sorghum that has the ability to produce large amounts of biomass instead of producing viable seed. Many of these varieties have been tested in the southwestern U.S. with great success under irrigated conditions; however, they have
16 14 Dry biomass production (ton per acre) 12 10 8 d 6 e 4 2 0 Irrigated Photoperiod-sensitive sorghum (1990) Grain Sorghum (NK300) a b c

not been evaluated in the Southeast under our dryland conditions. Therefore, those different sorghum types and a typical corn hybrid (Pioneer 31G65) were grown under two different tillage systems (conventional and conservation tillage) and with irrigated and non-irrigated treatments. Additionally, a rye cover crop was integrated as a treatment to maximize the amount of biomass produced and provide ground cover during the winter months. Also, a new variety of sunn hemp was evaluated to provide nitrogen for the rye winter cover crop. The figure shows dry biomass production among the different crops evaluated in 2008 after 18 weeks of planting. Independent of irrigation, the photoperiod-sensitive sorghum had the highest biomass production followed by forage sorghum, grain sorghum and corn. All sorghum varieties showed higher biomass production than corn, which proved that sorghum was more efficient in extracting (non-irrigated condition) and in using (irrigated condition) water in soil. Additionally, irrigation resulted in increased dry biomass production for any tested crop, with average increases of 2.16 tons per acre. Different tillage systems did not affect the dry biomass production, which indicated that conservation tillage should be used because yields were not reduced while compaction and erosion were limited.

c

e f

Non-irrigated Forage sorghum (SS506) Corn (Pioneer 31G65)

Dry biomass production for the four crops evaluated 18 weeks after planting.

6

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

GRAIN CROPS: NEMATODE MANAGEMENT
EFFICACY OF COUNTER, CRUISER, AND AVICTA® ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MANAGEMENT ON CORN IN ALABAMA, 2008
K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, and J. R. Akridge

The seed treatment nematicide Avicta® was compared to the insecticides Cruiser and Counter in various combinations for management of the root-knot nematode on N70-C7 RR corn. All seeds were treated with the fungicides Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty. The test plot was located at the Brewton Experimental Field near Brewton, Alabama. The field had a long history of root-knot nematode infestation, and the soil type was classified as a Benndale fine sandy loam (73 percent sand, 20 percent silt, 7 percent clay). Plots were four rows, 25 feet long with 3-foot row spacing, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Counter 15 G (8 pounds per acre) was applied at planting on April 17 in the seed furrow with chemical granular applicators attached to the planter. All other compounds tested were seed treatments applied by the manufacturer. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Population densities of the root-knot nematodes were determined at seven weeks after planting on June 5. Five root systems were collected from each plot and nematode eggs were removed using sodium hypochlorite extraction and sucrose centrifugation. Plant vigor was determined on a 1 to 5 scale with 5 being the most vigorous plants and 1 the least. Plots were harvested on August 30. Data were statistically analyzed by PROC

GLM and PROC CORR. Means were compared using Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P ≤ 0.10). Monthly average maximum temperatures for April through August were 78.2, 86.5, 93.3, 92.8, 90.4, and 88.0 degrees F with average minimum temperatures of 54.6, 63.5, 69.6, 71.5, 71.4, and 67.3 degrees F, respectively. Rainfall accumulation for each month was 4.2, 3.6, 7.3, 5.0, 9.5, and 1.7 inches with a total of 29.6 inches. Root-knot nematode pressure was low to moderate although rainfall was the limiting factor in the 2008 season. At planting, root-knot nematode numbers averaged 78 second stage juveniles per 150 cm3 of soil over the field. Numbers of root-knot eggs per gram of root ranged from 116 to 309 and were similar between all treatments at seven weeks after planting. Corn plant height and root fresh weights were not influenced by any treatment (data not shown). Plant vigor was improved for Cruiser (2), Avicta (4), Avicta + Counter (5), and Counter (6) compared to the fungicide control (1). The difference between the highest and lowest yielding treatments was 10.9 bushels per acre. Thus, yields were similar (P ≤ 0.10) between all treatments. However, the average corn price in 2008 was $5.00 per bushel; thus, the increased yield with the addition of a nematicide could be valued at $50 per acre.

Meloidogyne Plant incognita/ vigor2 10 g roots1 No. Treatment3 Rate 5 Jun 5 Jun 1 Fungicide control 309.0 a 3.8 b 2 Cruiser 500 FS 0.25 mg ai/seed 257.5 a 4.0 ab 3 Cruiser 500 FS + 0.25 mg ai/seed 193.2 a 3.8 b Counter 20 CR 11.2 g ai/100 kg 4 Avicta 500 FS 0.25 mg ai/seed 167.4 a 4.1 ab 5 Avicta 500 FS + 0.25 mg ai/seed 115.9 a 4.0 ab Counter 20 CR 11.2 g ai/100 kg 6 Counter 20 CR 11.2 g ai/100 kg 283.3 a 4.3 a LSD (P≤ 0.10) 207.4 0.3 CV 95.2 6.0
1

EFFICACY OF COUNTER, CRUISER, AND AVICTA ON ROOTKNOT NEMATODE MANAGEMENT ON CORN IN ALABAMA, 2008
Yield bu/A

30 Aug 128.6 a 128.9 a 128.2 a 130.1 a 133.0 a 122.1 a 12.4 9.8

Ten grams of fresh root weight were sub-sampled from the root systems and extracted for nematodes. 2 Plant vigor ratings scale from 1 to 5 with 5 being the most vigorous and 1 the least. 3 All seed treated with Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty at 1.0, 3.5, and 1.0 g ai/100 kg seed. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ by Fisher’s LSD (P≤ 0.10).

2008 AU CROPS: GRAIN CROPS AND PEANUTS RESEARCH REPORT

7

EFFICACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SEED TREATMENTS ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON CORN IN SOUTH ALABAMA, 2008
K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, and J. R. Akridge

Experimental seed treatment nematicides Avicta® and A16115 were evaluated alone and in combination with seed treatment fungicides Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty and the insecticides Cruiser or Counter in various combinations for the management of the root-knot nematode on N70-C7 RR corn. The test plot was located at the Brewton Experimental Field near Brewton, Alabama. The field had a long history of rootknot nematode infestation, and the soil type was classified as a Benndale fine sandy loam (73 percent sand, 20 percent silt, 7 percent clay). Plots were four rows, 25 feet long with 36-inch row spacing, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Counter 15 G (8 pounds per acre) was applied at planting on April 17 in the seed furrow with chemical granular applicators attached to the planter. All other compounds tested were seed treatments applied by the manufacturer. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Population densities of the root-knot nematodes were determined at seven weeks after planting on June 5. Five root systems were collected from each plot and nematode eggs were removed using sodium hypochlorite extraction and sucrose centrifugation. Plant vigor was determined on a 1 to 5 scale with 5

being the most vigorous plants and 1 the least. Plots were harvested on August 30. Data were statistically analyzed by PROC PROC GLM and PROC CORR. Means were compared using Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P ≤ 0.10). Monthly average maximum temperatures for April through August were 78.2, 86.5, 93.3, 92.8, 90.4, and 88.0 degrees F with average minimum temperatures of 54.6, 63.5, 69.6, 71.5, 71.4, and 67.3 degrees F, respectively. Rainfall accumulation for each month was 4.2, 3.6, 7.3, 5.0, 9.5, and 1.7 inches with a total of 29.6 inches. Rainfall was the limiting factor in the 2008 season; thus, root-knot nematode pressure was low to moderate under these conditions. At planting, root-knot nematode numbers averaged 78 second stage juveniles per 150 cm3 of soil over the entire field. Numbers of root-knot eggs per gram of root were similar between all treatments at seven weeks after planting. Corn plant height and root fresh weights were not influenced by any treatment (data not shown). Vigor ratings were also similar between all treatments and no significant correlations were observed between numbers of root-knot eggs per gram of root and vigor. The difference between the highest and lowest yielding treatments was only 3.3 bushels per acre. Thus, yields were similar between all treatments.

EFFICACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SEED TREATMENTS ON ROOTKNOT NEMATODE ON CORN IN SOUTH ALABAMA, 2008
Meloidogyne Plant incognita/ vigor2 10 g roots1 Rate 5 Jun 5 Jun 1.0 g ai/100 kg 186.6 a 3.0 a 0.25mg ai/seed 432.6 a 3.0 a 1.0 g ai/100 kg 185.4 a 3.0 a 0.25mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 139.1 a 3.0 a 0.25mg ai/seed 0.25mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 228.8 a 3.0 a 0.72 mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 77.3 a 3.0 a 0.25mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 0.6 g ai/100 kg 602.6 a 3.2 a 8 lb/A 466.0 0.2 Yield bu/A

No. Treatment3 1 Control 2 Cruiser 500 FS 3 Dynasty 100 FS Cruiser 500 FS 4 Dynasty 100 FS Cruiser 500 FS Avicta 500 FS 5 Dynasty 100 FS A16115 6 Dynasty 100 FS Cruiser 500 FS A16115 7 Dynasty 100 FS Counter 20 CR LSD (P≤ 0.10)
1

30 Aug 125.2 a 125.0 a 124.2 a 123.3 a 126.6 a 124.9 a 124.0 a 9.2

Ten grams of fresh root weight were sub-sampled from the root systems and extracted for nematodes. 2 Plant vigor ratings scale from 1 to 5 with 5 being the most vigorous and 1 the least. 3 All seed treated with Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty at 1.0, 3.5, and 1.0 g ai/100 kg seed. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ by Fisher’s LSD (P≤ 0.10).

8

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

EFFICACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SEED TREATMENTS ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MANAGEMENT ON CORN IN SOUTH ALABAMA, 2008
K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, and J. R. Akridge

Experimental seed treatment nematicides Avicta®, A14918, A16115, EXC3405, A9180, and STP 15201 were evaluated alone and in combination with seed treatment fungicides Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty and the insecticides Cruiser and Counter in various combinations for the management of the root-knot nematode on N70-C7 RR corn. The test was located at the Brewton Experimental Field near Brewton, Alabama. The field had a long history of root-knot nematode infestation, and the soil type was classified as a Benndale fine sandy loam (73 percent sand, 20 percent silt, 7 percent clay). Plots were four

rows, 25 feet long with 36-inch row spacing, and were planted in a randomized complete block design with six replications. Blocks were separated by a 20 foot-wide alley. Counter 15 G (8 pounds per acre) was applied at planting on April 17 in the seed furrow with chemical granular applicators attached to the planter. All other compounds tested were seed treatments applied by the manufacturer. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Population densities of the root-knot nema-

EFFICACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SEED TREATMENTS ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON CORN IN SOUTH ALABAMA, 2008
Meloidogyne incognita/ 10 g roots1 5 Jun 553.7 bc Plant vigor2 5 Jun 2.6 b Yield bu/A

No. 1

2

3

4

5 6 7 8

9

10

Treatment3 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS Cruiser 500 FS Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS Avicta 500 FS Cruiser 500 FS Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS A16115 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS A16115 A14918 A16115 A14918 A16115 EXC3405 A14918 A16115 A9180 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS Cruiser 500 FS A16115 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS STP15201 A16115 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS Counter 20 CR LSD (P≤ 0.10) CV

Rate 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25mg ai/seed 0.25mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.72mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.82 mg ai/seed 0.065 mg ai/seed 0.82 mg ai/seed 0.065 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 29.57 g ai/100 kg 0.065 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 0.6 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 8 lb/A

30 Aug 115.9 bc

1969.9 a

2.9 ab

125.3 ab

463.5 bc

2.9 ab

121.4 abc

1609.4 ab

3.2 a

127.8 a

103.1 c 128.8 c 978.5 abc 262.7 c

2.9 ab 2.9 ab 3.2 a 3.2 a

122.7 abc 117.9 bc 119.8 abc 122.3 abc

498.3 bc

3.3 a

129.5 a

103.1 c

2.9 ab

115.4 c

1251.9 193.0

0.5 18.5

9.8 8.3

Ten grams of fresh root weight were sub-sampled from the root systems and extracted for nematodes. Plant vigor ratings scale from 1 to 5 with 5 being the most vigorous and 1 the least. 3 All seed treated with Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty at 1.0, 3.5, and 1.0 g ai/100 kg seed. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ by Fisher’s LSD (P≤ 0.10).
1 2

2008 AU CROPS: GRAIN CROPS AND PEANUTS RESEARCH REPORT

9

todes were determined on June 5 at seven weeks after planting. Five root systems were collected from each plot and nematode eggs were removed using sodium hypochlorite extraction and sucrose centrifugation. Plant vigor was determined on a 1 to 5 scale with 5 being the most vigorous plants and 1 the least. Plots were harvested on August 30. Data were statistically analyzed by PROC GLM and PROC CORR. Means were compared using Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P ≤ 0.10). Monthly average maximum temperatures for April through August were 78.2, 86.5, 93.3, 92.8, 90.4, and 88.0 degrees F with average minimum temperatures of 54.6, 63.5, 69.6, 71.5, 71.4, and 67.3 degrees F, respectively. Rainfall accumulation for each month was 4.2, 3.6, 7.3, 5.0, 9.5, and 1.7 inches with a total of 29.6 inches. Rainfall was the limiting factor in the 2008 season; thus, root-knot nematode pressure was low to moderate under these conditions. At planting, root-knot nematode numbers averaged 78 second stage juveniles per 150 cm3 of soil over the entire field. Numbers of root-knot eggs per gram of root were 73 per-

cent lower (P ≤ 0.10) in the experimental treatments A14918 + A16115 (5); A14918, A16115 + EXC3405 (6); and Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS, Cruiser FS + A16115 (8) compared to the control, Apron + Maxim + Dynasty + Cruiser (1). Corn plant height, stand, and root fresh weights were not influenced by any treatment (data not shown). Vigor ratings were highest in Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS + A16115 (4); A14918 + A16115 + A9180 (7); Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS, Cruiser FS + A16115 (8); and Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS, STP152019 + A16115 (9) than in the control, Apron, Maxim, Dynasty, and Cruiser (1). However, no significant correlations were observed between numbers of root-knot eggs per gram of root and vigor. Corn yields were highest in the experimental treatments Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS + A16115 (4) and Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS, STP 15201 + A16115 (9) and lowest (P ≤ 0.10) in the industry standard Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS, with Counter CR (10). The difference between the highest and lowest yielding treatments was 14.1 bushels per acre.

10

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

EFFICACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SEED TREATMENTS ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MANAGEMENT ON CORN IN CENTRAL ALABAMA, 2008
K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, and S. Nightengale

Experimental seed treatment nematicides Avicta® and A16115 were evaluated alone and in combination with seed treatment fungicides Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty and the insecticides Cruiser and Counter in various combinations for management of the root-knot nematode on N70-C7 RR corn. The test plot was located at the Plant Breeding Unit of the E. V. Smith Research Center, near Shorter, Alabama. The field has a long history of root-knot nematode infestation, and the soil type was classified as a Kalmia loamy sand (80 percent sand, 10 percent silt, and 10 percent clay). Plots were two rows, 25 feet long with a 36-inch row spacing, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Counter 15 G (8 pounds per acre) was applied at planting on April 17 in the seed furrow with chemical granular applicators attached to the planter. All other compounds tested were seed treatments applied by the manufacturer. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Population densities of the root-knot nematodes were determined at seven weeks after planting on May 20. Five root systems were collected from each plot and nematode eggs were removed using sodium hypochlorite extraction and sucrose centrifugation. Plant vigor was determined on a 1 to 5

scale with 5 being the most vigorous plants and 1 the least. Plots were harvested on September 3. Data were statistically analyzed by PROC GLM and PROC CORR. Means were compared using Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P ≤ 0.10). Monthly average maximum temperatures for April through August were 76.3, 84.5, 93.6, 92.5, 89.7, and 86.7 degrees F with average minimum temperatures of 52.8, 60.9, 68.2, 70.0, 71.1, and 66.0 degrees F, respectively. Rainfall accumulation for each month was 4.0, 2.5, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 inches with a total of 23.4 inches. Root-knot nematode pressure was low to moderate the dry condition of the 2008 season. Only 2 inches of rainfall was recorded for the tasselling period. At planting, root-knot nematode numbers averaged 77 second stage juveniles per 150 cm3 of soil over the entire field. Numbers of root-knot eggs per 10 grams of root and fresh root weights were similar between all treatments at four weeks after planting. Corn plant stand and height were not influenced by any treatment (data not shown) (P ≤ 0.10). The difference between the highest and lowest yielding treatments was 42.2 bushels per acre. All treatments produced similar yields to the control, Apron XL, Maxim XL, and Dynasty 100FS (1), except for Apron XL, Maxim XL, and Dynasty 100FS + A16115 (5), which was lower.

EFFICACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SEED TREATMENTS ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON CORN IN CENTRAL ALABAMA, 2008
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2

Treatment3 Control Cruiser 500 FS Dynasty 100 FS Cruiser 500 FS Cruiser 500 FS Avicta 500 FS A16115 Cruiser 500 FS A16115 Counter 20 CR LSD (P≤ 0.10)

Rate 0.25mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 0.25mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 8 lb/A

Meloidogyne incognita/ 10 g roots1 20 May 125.7 a 180.4 a 141.2 a 148.9 a 181.8 a 90.3 a 183.1 a 113.7

Plant vigor2 20 May 14.9 a 14.6 a 14.1 a 12.4 a 13.9 a 15.7 a 15.0 a 2.9

Yield bu/A 03 Sep 184.7 a 169.3 ab 163.0 ab 168.7ab 142.5 b 184.7 a 175.9 a 30.4

Ten grams of fresh root weight were sub-sampled from the root systems and extracted for nematodes. Plant vigor ratings scale from 1 to 5 with 5 being the most vigorous and 1 the least. 3 All seed treated with Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty at 1.0, 3.5, and 1.0 g ai/100 kg seed. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ by Fisher’s LSD (P≤ 0.10).

2008 AU CROPS: GRAIN CROPS AND PEANUTS RESEARCH REPORT

11

EFFICACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SEED TREATMENTS ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON CORN IN CENTRAL ALABAMA, 2008
K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, and S. Nightengale

Experimental seed treatment nematicides Avicta®, A14918, A16115, EXC3405, A9180, and STP 15201 were evaluated alone and in combination with the seed treatment fungicides Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty and the insecticides Cruiser and Counter in various combinations for the management of the root-knot nematode on corn. The test plot was located at the Plant Breeding Unit of the E. V. Smith Research Center, near Shorter, Alabama. The field has a long history of root-knot nematode infestation, and the soil type was classified as a sandy loam. Plots were two rows, 25 feet long with 36-inch row spacing, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Counter 15 G (8 pounds per acre) was applied at

planting on April 17 in the seed furrow with chemical granular applicators attached to the planter. All other compounds tested were seed treatments applied by the manufacturer. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Population densities of the root-knot nematodes were determined at seven weeks after planting on May 20. Five root systems were collected from each plot and nematode eggs were removed using sodium hypochlorite extraction and sucrose centrifugation. Plots were harvested on September 3. Data were statistically analyzed by PROC GLM and PROC CORR. Means were compared using

EFFICACY OF EXPERIMENTAL SEED TREATMENTS ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON CORN IN CENTRAL ALABAMA, 2008
No. 1 Treatment3 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS Cruiser 500 FS Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS Avicta 500 FS Cruiser 500 FS Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS A16115 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS A16115 A14918 A16115 A14918 A16115 EXC3405 A14918 A16115 A9180 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS Cruiser 500 FS A16115 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS STP15201 A16115 Apron XL 3 LS Maxim XL 2.7 FS Dynasty 100 FS Counter 20 CR LSD (P≤ 0.10) Rate 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25 mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.25 mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.72 mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.82 mg ai/seed 0.065 mg ai/seed 0.82 mg ai/seed 0.065 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 29.57 g ai/100 kg 0.065 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 0.6 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.72 mg ai/seed 1.0 g ai/100 kg 3.5 g ai/100 kg 1.0 g ai/100 kg 8 lb/A Meloidogyne incognita/ Plant 10 g roots1 vigor2 20 May 20 May 174.3 ab 15.8 ab Yield bu/A 03 Sep 190.2 a

2

54.1 b

17.0 ab

182.8 a

3

112.7 b

13.9 ab

174.7 a

4

123.0 b

14.4 ab

185.3 a

5 6 7 8

122.2 b 78.5 b 93.5 b 118.7 b

14.1 ab 18.4 a 14.1 ab 16.7 ab

183.4 a 180.5 a 173.4 a 177.3 a

9

264.4 a

12.8 b

184.6 a

10

105.0 b

15.9 ab

190.5 a

125.0

4.4

27.2

Ten grams of fresh root weight were sub-sampled from the root systems and extracted for nematodes. 2 Plant vigor ratings scale from 1 to 5 with 5 being the most vigorous and 1 the least. 3 All seed treated with Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty at 1.0, 3.5, and 1.0 g ai/100 kg seed. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ by Fisher’s LSD (P≤ 0.10).
1

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ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P ≤ 0.10). Monthly average maximum temperatures for April through August were 76.3, 84.5, 93.6, 92.5, 89.7, and 86.7 degrees F with average minimum temperatures of 52.8, 60.9, 68.2, 70.0, 71.1, and 66.0 degrees F, respectively. Rainfall accumulation for each month was 4.0, 2.5, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 inches with a total of 23.4 inches. Rainfall was sporadic in the 2008 season; thus, root-knot nematode pressure was low to moderate under these conditions. Only 2 inches of rainfall were recorded for the tasselling period. At planting, root-knot nematode numbers averaged 77 second stage juveniles per 150 cm3 of soil over the entire field.

Except for the control—Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS + Cruiser FS (1)—numbers of root-knot eggs per 10 grams of root were lower (P ≤ 0.10) in the experimental treatments 2-8 and 10 than in Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS, STP 15201, and A16115 (9). Root fresh weight was greater in A14918, A16115 + EXC3405 (6) than in Apron XL, Maxim SL, Dynasty FS, STP 15201, and A16115 (9), which had the highest root-knot numbers and also had the lowest root weights. Corn plant stand and height were not influenced by any treatment (data not shown). Corn yield difference between the highest and lowest yielding treatments was 17.1 bushels per acre with no significant differences among treatments.

2008 AU CROPS: GRAIN CROPS AND PEANUTS RESEARCH REPORT

13

EFFICACY OF COUNTER ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON CORN IN CENTRAL ALABAMA, 2008
K. S. Lawrence, G. W. Lawrence, and S. Nightengale

The insecticide/nematicide Counter was compared to the seed treatments Avicta and Cruiser in various combinations for management of the root-knot nematode on corn. All seeds were treated with the fungicides Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty on N70-C7 RR corn. The test plot was located at the Plant Breeding Unit of the E. V. Smith Research Center, near Shorter, Alabama. The field had a long history of root-knot nematode infestation, and the soil type was classified as a Kalmia loamy sand (80 percent sand, 10 percent silt, 10 percent clay). Plots were two rows, 25 feet long with 3-foot row spacing, and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with five replications. Counter 15 G (8 pounds per acre) was applied at planting on April 22 in the seed furrow with chemical granular applicators attached to the planter. All other compounds tested were seed treatments applied by the manufacturer. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Population densities of the root-knot nematodes were determined at four weeks after planting on May 20. Five root systems were collected from each plot and nematode eggs were removed using sodium hypochlorite extraction and sucrose centrifugation. Plant vigor was determined on a 1 to 5 scale with 5 being the most vigorous plants and 1 the least. Plots were harvested on September 3. Data were statistically analyzed by PROC GLM and PROC CORR. Means were compared us-

ing Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P ≤ 0.10). Monthly average maximum temperatures for April through August were 76.3, 84.5, 93.6, 92.5, 89.7, and 86.7 degrees F with average minimum temperatures of 52.8, 60.9, 68.2, 70.0, 71.1, and 66.0 degrees F, respectively. Rainfall accumulation for each month was 4.0, 2.5, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 inches with a total of 23.4 inches. Root-knot nematode pressure was low to moderate although rainfall was the limiting factor in the 2008 season. Only 2.5 inches of rainfall were recorded for the tasselling period of the growing season. At planting, root-knot nematode numbers averaged 77 second stage juveniles per 150 cm3 of soil over the entire field. Numbers of root-knot eggs per 10 grams of root were lower (P ≤ 0.10) in Counter (6), Avicta + Counter (5), and Avicta (4) than in the fungicide control (1). Corn root fresh weights were also greater (P ≤ 0.10) in the same treatments—Counter (6), Avicta + Counter (5), and Avicta (4)—than in the fungicide control (1). Plant stand and vigor were not affected by any treatment (data not shown). The difference between the highest and lowest yielding treatments was 38 bushels per acre. Thus, yields were higher (P ≤ 0.10) in Cruiser + Counter (3), Avicta (4), and Counter (6) than in Cruiser (2) and the fungicide control (1). The average corn price in 2008 was $5.00 per bushel; thus, the average increase in yield would be valued at $190 per acre.

EFFICACY OF COUNTER ON ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE ON CORN IN CENTRAL ALABAMA, 2008
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2

Treatment3 Fungicide control Cruiser 500 FS Cruiser 500 FS + Counter 20 CR Avicta 500 FS Avicta 500 FS + Counter 20 CR Counter 20 CR LSD (P≤ 0.10) CV

Rate 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.25 mg ai/seed 8 lb/A 0.25 mg ai/seed 0.25 mg ai/seed 8 lb/A 8 lb/A

Meloidogyne incognita/ 10 g roots1 20 May 176.4 a 113.2 ab 139.6 ab 104.9 b 90.7 b 87.1 b 64.3 95.2

Plant vigor2 20 May 15.4 b 15.3 b 14.9 b

Yield bu/A 03 Sep 118.1 b 111.3 b 149.3 a

17.1 ab 20.5 a 17.9 a 2.6 14.3

140.3 a 131.3 ab 148.5 a 25.3 9.8

Ten grams of fresh root weight were sub-sampled from the root systems and extracted for nematodes. Plant vigor ratings scale from 1 to 5 with 5 being the most vigorous and 1 the least. 3 All seed treated with Apron XL, Maxim SL, and Dynasty at 1.0, 3.5, and 1.0 g ai/100 kg seed. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ by Fisher’s LSD (P≤ 0.10).

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ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

PEANUTS
EVALUATION OF VAULT AND BUPN FOR GROWTH PROMOTION IN PEANUTS IN COASTAL ALABAMA, 2008
N. S. Sekora, K. S. Lawrence, and J. R. Jones

Treatment evaluations of Vault and Becker-Underwood products for peanut growth promotion were conducted at the Gulf Coast Research and Extension Center, Fairhope, Alabama. The soil type at the planting site was a Malbis sandy loam. On May 29 (day of planting), soil temperature was 80 degrees F with adequate moisture at a depth of 4 inches. All treatments were applied in-furrow at planting. Plots were a randomized complete block arrangement of two 25-foot rows spaced 38 inches apart. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Test plots were dug on October 2 and harvested on October 6. The SAS General Linear Models program was used to analyze the data with analyses of variance, and Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) test was used for pairwise

comparisons among treatment means. Monthly rainfall totals for the growing season from May 29 through October 21 were 0.0, 7.3, 5.0, 9.5, 1.7, and 0.0 inches, respectively with a total of 23.5 inches rainfall over the growing season. Monthly average maximum temperatures for May through October were 84.1, 89.9, 92.8, 90.4, 88.0, and 84.3 degrees F, respectively and average minimum temperatures were 67.6, 69.6, 71.5, 71.4, 67.3, and 61.2 degrees F, respectively. Growing conditions were adequate for peanut growth this year. No significant difference in vigor was observed among treatments at 30 days after planting. The three treatments of Vault at 3.3 ounces (2), BUPN-2 (4), and BUPN-3 (5) were significantly higher in yield than Vault at 6.0 ounces (3), but similar in yield to the control (1). Plot yields ranged from 3,900 to 5092 pounds per acre with a mean of 4372 pounds.

EVALUATION OF VAULT AND BUPN FOR GROWTH PROMOTION IN PEANUTS IN COASTAL ALABAMA, 2008
Treatment 1 Control 2 Vault 3 Vault 4 BUPN-2 5 BUPN-3 LSD (P ≤ 0.10)
1

Vigor1 Rate 26 Jun 3.0 3.3 oz/1000 rft 3.0 6.0 oz/1000 rft 3.3 10.0 fl oz/1000 rft 3.3 10.0 fl oz/1000 rft 3.3 0.9

Seed yield lb/A 6 Oct 4392.7 a 4622.1 a 4060.1 b 4404.2 a 4381.2 a 314.7

Vigor ratings based on 1-5 scale, one being least vigorous and 5 being the most vigorous. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ by Fisher’s LSD (P≤ 0.10).

2008 AU CROPS: GRAIN CROPS AND PEANUTS RESEARCH REPORT

15

EXPERIMENTAL AND COMMERCIAL PEANUT TREATMENT COMBINATIONS FOR PEANUT GROWTH PROMOTION IN COASTAL ALABAMA, 2008
N. S. Sekora, K. S. Lawrence, and J. R. Jones

Trial evaluations to evaluate multiple products for peanut growth promotion were carried out at the Gulf Coast Research and Extension Center, Fairhope, Alabama. The soil type at the planting site was a Malbis sandy loam. At the 4.0 inch soil depth on May 29 (day of planting), soil temperature was 80.0 degrees F with adequate moisture. All treatments were applied in-furrow at planting. Plots were a randomized complete block arrangement of two 25-foot rows spaced 38 inches apart. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.

EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL PEANUT TREATMENT COMBINATIONS FOR GROWTH PROMOTION IN PEANUTS IN COASTAL ALABAMA, 2008
Treatment BUPNJ-1 BUPNJ-2 BUPNJ-3 BUPNJ-4 BUPNJ-5 BUPNJ-6 BUPNJ-7 BUPNJ-8 BUPNJ-9 BUPNJ-10 BUPNJ-11 BUPNJ-1 VAULT BUPNJ-2 VAULT BUPNJ-3 VAULT BUPNJ-4 VAULT BUPNJ-5 VAULT BUPNJ-6 VAULT BUPNJ-7 VAULT BUPNJ-10 VAULT VAULT BUPNJ-8 VAULT BUPNJ-9 VAULT Control LSD (P ≤ 0.10) Rate lb/A 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.0 3.0 10.5 10.5 2.0 0.4 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.6 2.0 3.6 3.0 3.6 2.0 3.6 3.3 10.5 3.6 10.5 3.6 Vigor1 26 Jun 3.3 2.8 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.8 2.5 3.0 3.8 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.0 3.3 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.8 0.8 Seed yield lb/A 6 Oct 4622.1 4713.8 4576.2 4461.5 4369.8 4427.1 4197.7 4002.7 4289.5 4645.0 4358.3 4255.1 4438.6 4656.5 4885.9 4817.1 4713.8 4966.2 4702.4 4197.7 4782.7 4851.5 4805.6 628.1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1

Test plots were dug on October 2 and harvested on October 6. The SAS General Linear Models program was used to analyze the data with analyses of variance, and Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) test was used for pairwise means comparisons. Monthly rainfall totals for the growing season from May 29 through October 21 were 0.0, 7.3, 5.0, 9.5, 1.7, and 0.0 inches, respectively with a total of 23.5 inches rainfall over the growing season. Monthly average maximum temperatures for May through October were 84.1, 89.9, 92.8, 90.4, 88.0, and 84.3 degrees F, respectively and average minimum temperatures were 67.6, 69.6, 71.5, 71.4, 67.3, and 61.2 degrees F, respectively. Adequate conditions were present for peanut growth. At 28 days after planting, vigor ratings averaged 3.1 throughout all plots, ranging from 2 to 4, and no significant difference was observed among treatments. Plot yields ranged from 2386 to 5505 pounds per acre with a mean of 4554 pounds across all treatments. Control plots averaged 5386 pounds, while treatments of growth promoter, growth promoter + Vault, and Vault alone averaged 4959, 5276, and 4705 pounds, respectively. Yields among all treatments were similar to the control.

Vigor ratings based on 1-5 scale, one being least vigorous and 5 being the most vigorous.

16

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

PEANUT RESPONSE TO NEMOUT® FOR ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH ALABAMA, 2008
J. D. Castillo, K. S. Lawrence, and J. R. Jones

The biological nematicide NemOut® (Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251) was evaluated to determine the peanut response to control the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria). The test was carried out in the Gulf Coast Research and Extension Center in Fairhope, Alabama. Two-row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with eight treatments and four replications. In-furrow treatments were applied at planting on May 27. NemOut treatments were applied at 5 gallons per acre in furrow at the rates of 0.13 and 0.224 pound of product, Temik 15G at 10.2 pounds per acre, and Thimet at 7.1 pounds per acre. When plants reached the pegging stage, treatments with NemOut at 0.29 pound per acre and Temik 15G at 10.2 pounds per acre were applied. All plots were maintained throughout the season with standard herbicide, insecticide, and fertility production practices as recommended by the Alabama Cooerative Extension System. Vigor evaluations and population densities of the root-knot nematode were recorded 30 days after planting on June 26. Vigor evaluations were visually rated on a 1 to 5 visual scale where 1 represented a poor vigor and 5 represented highest vigor. Root-knot nematodes were extracted by the gravity sieving and sucrose centrifugation-flotation method, and counted.

Plots were harvested 147 days after planting on October 21. Data were statistically analyzed general linear models (GLM) procedure, and Means were compared using Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) test. Monthly average maximum temperatures from May to October were 84, 89.8, 92.8, 90.3, 87.8, and 83.8 degrees F, and average minimum temperature of 67.6, 69.6, 71.4, 71.4, 67.2, and 63.1 degrees F. Total rainfalls from May to October were 5.5, 9.2, 3.3, 5.4, 14.1, 7.6, and 0.6 inches. The total rainfall for the growing season was 45.9 inches. In the vigor evaluations, Temik 15G + Temik 15G (3), NemOut at 0.13 pound + Temik 15G + Thimet (4), and NemOut at 0.224 pound + Temik 15G + Thimet (5) presented more vigorous plants than the control (1). The population of root-knot nematodes 30 days after planting was similar among all the treatments. Peanut yields varied by 1005.5 pounds per acre at harvest with an average of 4768 pounds per acre produced over all nematicides. Temik 15G + Temik 15G (3), NemOut at 0.13 pound + Temik 15G + Thimet (4), NemOut at 0.224 pound + Temik 15G + Thimet (5), and NemOut at 0.224 and 0.299 pound + Thimet (8) reached higher yields than the control (1) by more than 2204 pounds.

PEANUT RESPONSE TO NEMOUT® FOR ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH ALABAMA, 2008
Treatment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Control Thimet Temik 15 G Temik 15 G NemOut Temik 15 G Thimet NemOut Temik 15 G Thimet NemOut Thimet NemOut Thimet NemOut NemOut Thimet LSD (P≤0.05) Rate lb/A Application DAP2 0 0 0 72 0 72 0 0 72 0 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 Vigor 30 DAP 3.0 c 3.3 bc 3.8 ab 4.0 a 3.8 ab 3.3 bc 3.3 bc 3.3 bc 0.63 Root-knot/150 cm³ 30 DAP 38.6 a 19.3 a 38.6 a 50.7 a 19.3 a 56.8 a 19.3 a 19.3 a NS Yield lb/A 3853.7 b 4782.7 ab 5207.0 a 5207.0 a 5172.6 a 4759.7 ab 4725.3 ab 4977.6 a 983.5

7.1 10.2 10.2 0.131 10.2 7.1 0.2241 10.2 7.1 0.131 7.1 0.2241 7.1 0.2241 0.2991 7.1

The units are in pounds and were applied in furrow at planting at a rate of 5 gallons per acre. 2 DAP = days after planting. Means followed by same letter do not significantly differ according to Fisher’s least significant difference test (P≤0.05).
1

CONTRIBUTORS INDEX
Author J. R. Akridge F. J. Arriaga K. S. Balkcom D. Bransby J. D. Castillo J. Jones G. W. Lawrence K. S. Lawrence S. Nightengale R. L. Raper A. C. Rocateli N. S. Sekora Pages 6,7,8-9 5 5 5 16 14,15,16 6,7,8-9,10,11-12,13 6,7,8-9,10,11-12,13,14,15,16 10,11-12,13 5 5 14,15