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Nemertean toxin genes revealed through transcriptome sequencing


Metadata FieldValueLanguage
dc.contributorScott Santos, santosr@auburn.eduen_US
dc.creatorWhelan, Nathan V
dc.creatorKocot, Kevin M
dc.creatorSantos, Scott R
dc.creatorHalanych, Kenneth M
dc.date.accessioned2019-04-29T22:26:06Z
dc.date.available2019-04-29T22:26:06Z
dc.date.created2014
dc.identifier10.1093/gbe/evu258en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/6/12/3314/549391en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11200/49390
dc.description.abstractNemerteans are one of few animal groups that have evolved the ability to utilize toxins for both defense and subduing prey, but little is known about specific nemertean toxins. In particular, no study has identified specific toxin genes even though peptide toxins are known from some nemertean species. Information about toxin genes is needed to better understand evolution of toxins across animals and possibly provide novel targets for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. We sequenced and annotated transcriptomes of two free-living and one commensal nemertean and annotated an additional six publicly available nemertean transcriptomes to identify putative toxin genes. Approximately 63-74% of predicted open reading frames in each transcriptome were annotated with gene names, and all species had similar percentages of transcripts annotated with each higher-level GO term. Every nemertean analyzed possessed genes with high sequence similarities to known animal toxins including those from stonefish, cephalopods, and sea anemones. One toxin-like gene found in all nemerteans analyzed had high sequence similarity to Plancitoxin-1, a DNase II hepatotoxin that may function well at low pH, which suggests that the acidic body walls of some nemerteans could work to enhance the efficacy of protein toxins. The highest number of toxin-like genes found in any one species was seven and the lowest was three. The diversity of toxin-like nemertean genes found here is greater than previously documented, and these animals are likely an ideal system for exploring toxin evolution and industrial applications of toxins.en_US
dc.formatPDFen_US
dc.publisherNational Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administrationen_US
dc.relation.ispartofGenome Biology and Evolutionen_US
dc.relation.ispartofseries1759-6653en_US
dc.rights© 2014. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en_US
dc.subjectAnnelidaen_US
dc.subjectcytotoxinen_US
dc.subjecthepatotoxinen_US
dc.subjectNemerteaen_US
dc.subjectribbon wormen_US
dc.subjectRNAen_US
dc.subjecttoxinen_US
dc.subjecttranscriptomeen_US
dc.subjectmarine toxinsen_US
dc.subjectvenomsen_US
dc.titleNemertean toxin genes revealed through transcriptome sequencingen_US
dc.typeCollectionen_US
dc.type.genreJournal Article, Academic Journalen_US
dc.citation.volume6en_US
dc.citation.issue12en_US
dc.citation.spage3314en_US
dc.citation.epage3325en_US
dc.description.statusPublisheden_US
dc.description.peerreviewYesen_US

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